Digital redlining is the practice of creating and perpetuating inequities between already marginalized groups specifically through the use of digital technologies, digital content, and the internet.[1] The concept of digital redlining is an extension of the practice of redlining in housing discrimination,[2][3] a historical legal practice in the United States and Canada dating back to the 1930s where red lines were drawn on maps to indicate poor and primarily black neighborhoods that were deemed unsuitable for loans or further development, which created great economic disparities between neighborhoods.[4][5] The term was popularized by Dr. Chris Gilliard, a privacy scholar, who defines digital redlining as "the creation and maintenance of tech practices, policies, pedagogies, and investment decisions that enforce class boundaries and discriminate against specific groups".[6][7]
Though digital redlining is related to the digital divide and techniques such as weblining and personalization, it is distinct from these concepts as part of larger complex systemic issues.[8][9] It can refer to practices that create inequities of access to technology services in geographical areas, such as when internet service providers decide to not service specific geographic areas because they are perceived to be not as profitable and thus reduce access to crucial services and civic participation.[10] It can also be used to refer to inequities caused by the policies and practices of digital technologies.[2] For instance, with these methods inequities are accomplished through divisions that are created via algorithms which are hidden from the technology user; the use of big data and analytics allow for a much more nuanced form of discrimination that can target specific vulnerable populations.[11] These algorithmic means are enabled through the use of unregulated data technologies that apply a score to individuals that statistically categorize personality traits or tendencies which are similar to a credit score but are proprietary to the technology companies and not under outside oversight.[12][2]
^Gilliard, Christopher (2019-11-21). Prepared testimony and statement for the record of Christopher Gilliard PhD, Hearing on Banking on your Data the Role of Big Data in Your Financial Services, Before the House Financial Services Committee Task Force on Financial Technology. Retrieved 2019-11-21
^Gilliard, Chris (2017-07-03). "Pedagogy and the Logic of Platforms". er.educause.edu. EDUCAUSE Review. Retrieved 2019-04-04.
^Madrigal, Alexis C. (2014-05-22). "The Racist Housing Policy That Made Your Neighborhood". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
^Harris, Richard; Forrester, Doris (2003-12-01). "The Suburban Origins of Redlining: A Canadian Case Study, 1935-54". Urban Studies. 40 (13): 2661–2686. doi:10.1080/0042098032000146830. ISSN 0042-0980. S2CID 154651681.
^Oremus, Will (September 17, 2021). "A Detroit community college professor is fighting Silicon Valley's surveillance machine. People are listening". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
^Eveleth, R. (2020). Flash Forward [Audio Podcast]. Boss Bot. https://www.flashforwardpod.com/2020/09/29/boss-bot/
^Bidgoli, Hossein (2004-04-26). The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 3 (P - Z). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471689973.
^Stepanek, Marcia (2 April 2000). "Weblining". Bloomberg BusinessWeek.
^Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^O'Neil, Cathy (2016-09-06). Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 9780553418828.
^Taylor, Astra; Sadowski, Jathan. "How Companies Turn Your Facebook Activity Into a Credit Score | The Nation". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
digital technologies, digital content, and the internet. The concept of digitalredlining is an extension of the practice of redlining in housing discrimination...
In academic literature, redlining falls under the broader category of credit rationing. The documented history of redlining in the United States is a...
Accused of DigitalRedlining in Cleveland". Multichannel Nes. Retrieved 26 June 2018. Eggerton, John (Aug 24, 2017). "Broadband Redlining Complaint Filed...
the Internet by ISPs. Similar terms include data discrimination, digitalredlining, and network management. Net bias occurs when an ISP drops packets...
engaging with." Furthermore, he is worried about the possibility of "digitalredlining," referring to the practice of banks refusing to issue loans in poor...
degree in the United States today. In the United States, banks practiced redlining or denial of financial services including banking or insurance to residents...
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an area of the gauge marked in red, giving rise to the expression of "redlining" an engine — revving the engine up to the maximum safe limit. Most modern...
artist Prince. It was released on November 20, 2001, by NPG Records and Redline Entertainment. It was also released through Prince's website earlier in...
typically a teenager, bullies or harasses others on the internet and other digital spaces, particularly on social media sites. Harmful bullying behavior can...
passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 (which prevents redlining when the criteria for redlining are based on race, religion, gender, familial status,...
generally referred as generalized tourist maps. Thomas Bros. also produced redlining maps of Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Francisco, San Jose, and the East...
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development and justification of racially segregated housing policy and redlining in American cities. Hoyt was born in Saint Joseph, Missouri and attended...
(October 31, 2020). "Fair housing groups sue Redfin with allegations of 'redlining' minority communities". USA Today. Associated Press. Lerner, Michele (November...
booming at the time. The tire featured a whitewall on one side and a redline on the other, also common on the tire market at the time. The tire achieved...
racially segregated cities, largely as a result of early-20th-century redlining. Its history was heavily influenced by German immigrants in the 19th century...
vendor Redline Networks, VOIP company Kagoor Networks, as well as wide area network (WAN) company Peribit Networks. Peribit and Redline were incorporated...
stops. However, Shelby clears Miles to push his car beyond the 7,000 RPM redline, and he wins. At the next race at Le Mans, Miles struggles with a faulty...
the renewed Sustainable Product Policy Initiative, the inclusion of a Digital Product Passport has been proposed. The EU sustainable product policy was...
birthing, over a five-year period. A car enthusiast, Walker competed in the Redline Time Attack racing series in which he raced on the AE Performance Team...
while digital download followed by streaming became increasingly dominant. On-demand audio and video streams started to be counted towards Digital Single...
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