Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre information
Domestic and international reactions to crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests
The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre were the first of their type shown in detail on Western television.[1] The Chinese government's response was denounced across the world; a report by the U.S. State Department said: "Foreign governments have expressed near universal revulsion over the crackdown although a few exceptions have supported China's approaches. Negative reactions range from punitive measures by Western countries to private criticisms in the East."[2] Specifically, it said: "China's credentials as a socialist reformer were being called into question not only by Western European communists but also by progressives in Eastern Europe and, to a lesser extent, the Soviet Union."[3] Notably however, many Asian countries remained silent throughout the protests;[4] the government of India responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to pare down the coverage to the barest minimum, so as not to jeopardize a thawing in relations with China, and to offer political empathy for the events.[5] Criticism came from both Western and Eastern Europe, North America, Australia and some east Asian and Latin American countries.[6] North Korea, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, among others, supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests.[7] Overseas Chinese students demonstrated in many cities in Europe, America, the Middle East, and Asia against the Chinese government.[8]
^Strahan, A. Australia's China: Changing Perceptions from the 1930s to the 1990s. Cambridge University Press, 1996. p.302. ISBN 978-0-521-48497-8.
^"Tiananmen Square Document 35: State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, "China: Aftermath of the Crisis," 1989" (PDF). US-China Institute. 27 July 1989. p. 2. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019.
^"Tiananmen Square Document 35: State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, "China: Aftermath of the Crisis," 1989" (PDF). US-China Institute. 27 July 1989. p. 11. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019.
^Zhao, Suisheng (2023). The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leadership and the Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 67. doi:10.1515/9781503634152. ISBN 978-1503634152.
^Places 20 years apart – column by C. Raja Mohan, The Indian Express, 4 June 2009
^"Tiananmen Square Document 35: State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, "China: Aftermath of the Crisis," 1989" (PDF). US-China Institute. 27 July 1989. pp. 3, 14–15. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019.
^"Tiananmen Square Document 35: State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, "China: Aftermath of the Crisis," 1989" (PDF). US-China Institute. 27 July 1989. p. 3. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019.
^Troubles in China provoke protests, Spokane Chronicle, 7 June 1989, page A8
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