Raynaud syndrome, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a medical condition in which the spasm of small arteries causes episodes of reduced blood flow to end arterioles.[1] Typically the fingers, and, less commonly, the toes, are involved.[1] Rarely, the nose, ears, nipples, or lips are affected.[1] The episodes classically result in the affected part turning white and then blue.[2] Often, numbness or pain occurs.[2] As blood flow returns, the area turns red and burns.[2] The episodes typically last minutes but can last several hours.[2] The condition is named after the physician Auguste Gabriel Maurice Raynaud, who first described it in his doctoral thesis in 1862.[6]
Episodes are typically triggered by cold or emotional stress.[2] Primary Raynaud's is idiopathic (spontaneous and of unknown cause) and not correlated with another disease. Secondary Raynaud's occurs as a result of some other condition and has an older age at onset; episodes are intensely painful and can be asymmetric and associated with skin lesions.[3] Secondary Raynaud's can occur due to a connective-tissue disorder such as scleroderma or lupus, injuries to the hands, prolonged vibration, smoking, thyroid problems, and certain medications, such as birth control pills and stimulants.[7] Diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms.[3]
The primary treatment is avoiding the cold.[3] Other measures include the discontinuation of nicotine or stimulant use.[3] Medications for treatment of cases that do not improve include calcium channel blockers and iloprost.[3] There is little evidence that alternative medicine is helpful.[3] Severe disease may in rare cases lead to complications, specifically skin sores or gangrene.[2]
About 4% of people have the condition.[3] Onset of the primary form is typically between ages 15 and 30 and occurs more frequently in females.[3][4] The secondary form usually affects older people.[4] Both forms are more common in cold climates.[4]
^ abcd"What Is Raynaud's?". nhlbi.nih.gov. US: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
^ abcdefghij"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Raynaud's?". nhlbi.nih.gov. US: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
^ abcdefghijklWigley FM, Flavahan NA (11 August 2016). "Raynaud's Phenomenon". The New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (6): 556–65. doi:10.1056/nejmra1507638. PMID 27509103.
^ abcd"Who Is at Risk for Raynaud's?". nhlbi.nih.gov. US: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
^Barker RA (2005). The A-Z of Neurological Practice: A Guide to Clinical Neurology. Cambridge University Press. p. 728. ISBN 9780521629607. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017.
^Koehler U, Portig I, Hildebrandt O, Koehler NA (December 2019). "Maurice Raynaud (1834-1881) and the Mystery of 'Raynaud's Phanomenon'". Dtsch Med Wochenschr (in German). 144 (25): 1778–1783. doi:10.1055/a-0869-9899. PMID 31847013. S2CID 209409136. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
^"What Causes Raynaud's?". nhlbi.nih.gov. US: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
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