Feynman diagram of scattering between two electrons by emission of a virtual photon
Bragg diffraction
Brillouin
Compton
Dynamic light
Kikuchi lines
Light scattering by particles
Mie
Neutron
Powder diffraction
Raman
Rayleigh
Rutherford
Small-angle
Tyndall
Thomson
Wolf effect
X-ray crystallography
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In physics, Raman scattering or the Raman effect (/ˈrɑːmən/) is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter, meaning that there is both an exchange of energy and a change in the light's direction. Typically this effect involves vibrational energy being gained by a molecule as incident photons from a visible laser are shifted to lower energy. This is called normal Stokes-Raman scattering.
Light has a certain probability of being scattered by a material. When photons are scattered, most of them are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering), such that the scattered photons have the same energy (frequency, wavelength and color) as the incident photons but different direction. Rayleigh scattering usually has an intensity in the range 0.1% to 0.01% relative to that of a radiation source. An even smaller fraction of the scattered photons (about 1 in a million) can be scattered inelastically, with the scattered photons having an energy different (usually lower) from those of the incident photons—these are Raman scattered photons.[1] Because of conservation of energy, the material either gains or loses energy in the process.
The effect is exploited by chemists and physicists to gain information about materials for a variety of purposes by performing various forms of Raman spectroscopy. Many other variants of Raman spectroscopy allow rotational energy to be examined (if gas samples are used) and electronic energy levels may be examined if an X-ray source is used in addition to other possibilities. More complex techniques involving pulsed lasers, multiple laser beams and so on are known.
The Raman effect is named after Indian scientist C. V. Raman, who discovered it in 1928 with assistance from his student K. S. Krishnan. Raman was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of Raman scattering. The effect had been predicted theoretically by Adolf Smekal in 1923.
^Harris and Bertolucci (1989). Symmetry and Spectroscopy. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-66144-5.
In physics, Ramanscattering or the Raman effect (/ˈrɑːmən/) is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter, meaning that there is both an exchange of...
identified. Raman spectroscopy relies upon inelastic scattering of photons, known as Ramanscattering. A source of monochromatic light, usually from a laser...
also subject to Ramanscattering, which changes the rotational state of the molecules and gives rise to polarization effects. Scattering by particles with...
increased intensity of the Ramanscattering of certain vibrational modes, compared to ordinary Raman spectroscopy. Resonance Raman spectroscopy has much greater...
In electromagnetism, Brillouin scattering (also known as Brillouin light scattering or BLS), named after Léon Brillouin, refers to the interaction of light...
Stimulated Raman spectroscopy, also referred to as stimulated Ramanscattering (SRS), is a form of spectroscopy employed in physics, chemistry, biology...
A Raman laser is a specific type of laser in which the fundamental light-amplification mechanism is stimulated Ramanscattering. In contrast, most "conventional"...
through a Raman spectroscopy study shedding light on structure and chemical composition, whereas Brillouin scattering involves the scattering of photons...
are Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering. Inelastic scattering includes Brillouin scattering, Ramanscattering, inelastic X-ray scattering and Compton...
the incident particle, there is an inelastic scattering process called Ramanscattering. In this scattering process, the incident photon interacts with...
Coherent Ramanscattering (CRS) microscopy is a multi-photon microscopy technique based on Raman-active vibrational modes of molecules. The two major...
Raman amplification /ˈrɑːmən/ is based on the stimulated Ramanscattering (SRS) phenomenon, when a lower frequency 'signal' photon induces the inelastic...
to the Raman-based microprobe. The technique used is named after C. V. Raman, who discovered the scattering properties in liquids. The Raman microscope...
informative. Consequently, Raman spectroscopy is probably the most popular technique of carbon nanotube characterization. Ramanscattering in SWNTs is resonant...
Mandelstam he co-discovered inelastic combinational scattering of light, which is known as Ramanscattering. Landsberg graduated from the Moscow State University...
transparency does not require the very high power control beams usually needed for Raman quantum memories, nor does it require the use of liquid helium temperatures...
Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of RamanScattering by Molecules. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-49028-8. Chapter 7, Vibrational Resonance Raman Scattering...
gathered about biological tissue by absorption and light scattering techniques. Light scattering spectroscopy is a type of reflectance spectroscopy that...
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