15 August 1947 (1947-08-15) – 1 November 1966 (1966-11-01)
Location
East Punjab, India
Goals
Creation of the autonomous Punjab state, with Chandigarh as its capital, for Punjabi speakers [1][2]
Methods
Protest marches and demonstrations, hunger strike, general strike
Resulted in
Formation of Sikh majority, Punjabi speaking Punjab and Hindu majority, Hindi speaking Haryana states and the Union Territory of Chandigarh on 1 November 1966. Transfer of Hindu majority, Hindi speaking hill regions to Himachal Pradesh
Parties
Sikhs Shiromani Akali Dal
Punjabi Hindus Indian Government Indian National Congress Jan Sangh Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Arya Samaj
The Punjabi Suba movement was a long-drawn political agitation, launched by Punjabi speaking people (mostly Sikhs) demanding the creation of autonomous Punjabi Suba, or Punjabi-speaking state, in the post-independence Indian state of East Punjab.[5] The movement is defined as the forerunner of the Khalistan movement.[6][7]
Borrowing from the pre-partition demands for a Sikh country, this movement demanded a fundamental constitutional autonomous state within India.[1] Led by the Akali Dal, it resulted in the formation of the state of Punjab. The state of Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh were also created and some Pahari-majority parts of the East Punjab were also merged with Himachal Pradesh following the movement. The result of the movement failed to satisfy its leaders due to regions in Northern Haryana with minority Punjabi speaking and Sikh populations as some pockets of districts like Jind, Karnal, Ambala, Fatehabad and Sirsa being left out of Punjab.[2]
Also that 83 Hindi-speaking villages and two Hindi-speaking towns in Abohar and Fazilka tehsils of Punjab could not be transferred to Haryana[8] along with other regions like Bareta, Khanouri, Devigarh, Lalru etc. as well.
Many Sikh leaders saw this as falling short of the promise of a fully autonomous Sikh State that they felt was promised to them by Nehru and Gandhi in exchange for joining the Indian Union.[9][10][11]
^ abSaith, A. (2019). Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh: An Intellectual Biography of the Radical Sikh Economist. Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought. Springer International Publishing. p. 290. ISBN 978-3-030-12422-9. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ abStanley Wolpert (2005). India. University of California Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-520-24696-6. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ abCite error: The named reference Tribune_Celebrate was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Doad 1997, p. 399.
^Doad 1997, p. 391.
^Rina Ramdev, Sandhya D. Nambiar, Debaditya Bhattacharya (2015). Sentiment, Politics, Censorship: The State of Hurt. SAGE Publications. p. 91. ISBN 9789351503057. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023. The forerunner to the Khalistan movement the Punjabi Suba movement of the 1960s also stressed the right of control over territory and water.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Chopra, Radhika (2012). Militant and Migrant: The Politics and Social History of Punjab. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-136-70435-2. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^"Rajiv-Longowal accord: Mathew Commission delivers an unexpected anti-climax". India Today. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^Dhillon, Gurdarshan Singh (1974). "Evolution of the Demand for a Sikh Homeland". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 35 (4): 362–373. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 41852106. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^"The Political Economy of Punjab: Creating Space for Sikh Militancy". online.ucpress.edu. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^Shani, Giorgio; Singh, Gurharpal, eds. (2021), "The Indian Union and the Sikhs, 1947–1984", Sikh Nationalism, New Approaches to Asian History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 110–131, ISBN 978-1-107-13654-0, archived from the original on 22 May 2023, retrieved 22 May 2023
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