This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
A pulmonic consonant is a consonant produced by air pressure from the lungs, as opposed to ejective, implosive and click consonants.
Most languages have only pulmonic consonants. Ian Maddieson, in his survey of 566 languages,[1][2] found that only 152 had ejectives, implosives, or clicks (or two or three of these types) – that is, 73% of the world's extant languages have only pulmonic consonants. See glottalic consonants and click consonants for more information on the distribution of nonpulmonic consonants.
^Ian Maddieson (2008) "Glottalic Consonants". In: Martin Haspelmath & Matthew S. Dryer & David Gil & Bernard Comrie (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 7. Available online at http://wals.info/feature/7. Accessed on 18 January 2011
^Ian Maddieson (2008) "Presence of Uncommon Consonants". In: Martin Haspelmath & Matthew S. Dryer & David Gil & Bernard Comrie (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 19. Available online at http://wals.info/feature/19. Accessed on 18 January 2011
and 27 Related for: Pulmonic consonant information
delimiters. A pulmonicconsonant is a consonant produced by air pressure from the lungs, as opposed to ejective, implosive and click consonants. Most languages...
language. The following tables present pulmonic and non-pulmonicconsonants. In the IPA, a pulmonicconsonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis...
letters of the IPA into three categories: pulmonicconsonants, non-pulmonicconsonants, and vowels. Pulmonicconsonant letters are arranged singly or in pairs...
phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonicconsonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. The...
and Meʼen have pulmonic, implosive, and ejective consonants, and the Nguni languages of the Bantu family utilize all four, – pulmonic, click, implosive...
(nasals). Most consonants are pulmonic, using air pressure from the lungs to generate a sound. Very few natural languages are non-pulmonic, making use of...
[t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] IPA vowel chart with audio IPA consonant chart with audio International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects...
phonemic velar consonants. Several Khoisan languages have limited numbers or distributions of pulmonic velar consonants. (Their click consonants are articulated...
clicks may be linguo-pulmonic, that is, they may transition from a click (lingual) articulation to a normal pulmonicconsonant like [ɢ] (e.g. [ǀ͡ɢ]);...
the world's languages. Ejectives that phonemically contrast with pulmonicconsonants occur in about 15% of languages around the world. The occurrence...
The voiced retroflex nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents...
pharyngeal consonant is a consonant that is articulated primarily in the pharynx. Some phoneticians distinguish upper pharyngeal consonants, or "high"...
floor and the walls of the chest). The lung pistons are used to initiate a pulmonic airstream (found in all human languages). The larynx is used to initiate...
The voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet...
stops) or in addition to through the mouth. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal...
The voiced palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet...
A voiceless postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term...
sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated...
affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the...
center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal...
sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated...
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents...
of the tongue, rather than down the middle. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal...
of the tongue, rather than down the middle. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal...
Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. Uvulars...
In phonetics, a glottalic consonant is a consonant produced with some important contribution (movement or closure) of the glottis. Glottalic sounds may...
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