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Pterygota
Temporal range: Serpukhovian–Recent
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Giant honey bee Apis dorsata (order Hymenoptera) on Tribulus terrestris
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
(unranked):
Dicondylia
Subclass:
Pterygota Gegenbaur, 1878[1]
Orders[2]
† Palaeodictyopteroidea
Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)
Neoptera
Psocodea (barklice, booklice, parasitic lice)
Thysanoptera (thrips)
Hemiptera (true bugs)
Polyneoptera
Blattodea (cockroaches and termites)
Mantodea (mantids)
Dermaptera (earwigs)
Plecoptera (stoneflies)
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc)
Phasmatodea (walking sticks)
Embioptera (webspinners)
Zoraptera (angel insects)
Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers)
Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)
Holometabola
Hymenoptera (ants, bees, etc.)
Coleoptera (beetles)
Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites)
Raphidioptera (snakeflies)
Megaloptera (alderflies, etc.)
Neuroptera (net-veined insects)
Mecoptera (scorpionflies, etc.)
Siphonaptera (fleas)
Diptera (true flies)
Trichoptera (caddisflies)
Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)
The Pterygota (Ancient Greek: πτερυγωτός, romanized: pterugōtós, lit. 'winged') are a subclass of insects that includes all winged insects and the orders that are secondarily wingless (that is, insect groups whose ancestors once had wings but that have lost them as a result of subsequent evolution).[3]
The pterygotan group comprises 99.9% of all insects.[4] The orders not included are the Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and the Zygentoma (silverfishes and firebrats), two primitively wingless insect orders. Also not included is Entognatha, which consist of three orders no longer considered to be insects: Protura, Collembola, and Diplura.
Unlike Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, the pterygotes do not have styli or vesicles on their abdomen (also absent in some zygentomans), and with the exception of the majority of mayflies, are also missing the median terminal filament which is present in the ancestrally wingless insects.[5][6][7]
The oldest known representatives of the group appeared during the mid-Carboniferous, around 328–324 million years ago, and the group subsequently underwent a rapid explosive diversification. Claims that they originated substantially earlier during the Silurian or Devonian based on molecular clock estimates are unlikely based on the fossil record, and are likely analytical artefacts.[8]
^Gegenbaur, C (1878). Grundriss der vergleichenden Anatomie. Zweite verbesserte Auflage (in German). Vol. 2nd ed. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. p. 244.
^Kjer, Karl M.; Simon, Chris; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). "Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (121): 121. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363. PMC 5014063. PMID 27558853.
^Vincent H. Resh; Ring T. Cardé (4 April 2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-08-054605-6.
^The Evolution and Genetics of Migration in Insects
^Coxal Setal Organs in Archaeognatha and Zygentoma (Insecta)
^The eversible vesicles of Campodea (Thysanura)
^The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
^Schachat, Sandra R; Goldstein, Paul Z; Desalle, Rob; Bobo, Dean M; Boyce, C Kevin; Payne, Jonathan L; Labandeira, Conrad C (2 February 2023). "Illusion of flight? Absence, evidence and the age of winged insects". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 138 (2): 143–168. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blac137. ISSN 0024-4066.
The Pterygota (Ancient Greek: πτερυγωτός, romanized: pterugōtós, lit. 'winged') are a subclass of insects that includes all winged insects and the orders...
subordinating Neoptera either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota: Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878 Ephemeroptera Hyatt &...
Hopea pterygota is a tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, native to Borneo. The specific epithet pterygota means "winged", referring to the fruit. Hopea...
Commatica pterygota is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1929. It is found in Amazonas, Brazil. Savela, Markku (February...
Helicia pterygota is a plant in the family Proteaceae. The specific epithet pterygota means "winged", referring to the pedicel. Helicia pterygota grows...
Pterygota bequaertii is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is found in Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo...
Pterygota macrocarpa is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is found in Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone....
Palaeodictyopteroidea themselves might be a paraphyletic assemblage of very basal Pterygota, too. As it stands, the relationship of the two living Paleopteran groups...
Bitterfeld/Delitzsch (Pterygota, Arnsbergium, Deutschland)" [A Lower Carboniferous insect from the Bitterfeld/Delitzsch area (Pterygota, Arnsbergian, Germany)]...
families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola List of subgroups of the...
mandibles, while the Pterygota, the winged insects, emerged from within the Dicondylia, alongside the Zygentoma. The Pterygota (Palaeoptera and Neoptera)...
and only adult instar undergoes no further moulting. All insects of the Pterygota except Holometabola belong to hemimetabolous orders: Hemiptera (scale...
grasshoppers, dragonflies, and true bugs. Phylogenetically, all insects in the Pterygota undergo a marked change in form, texture and physical appearance from...
tail-like caudal filament, or telson. While all members of winged insects (Pterygota) has a closed amniotic cavity during embryonic development, this varies...
winged insects (Pterygota), and then the Thysanura branched off. This indicates that these three groups (Archaeognatha, Thysanura and Pterygota) have a common...
families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola S y m p h y t a A p o c...
Trueman & Rowe (2008) Maddison, David R. (2002): Tree of Life Web Project – Pterygota. Winged insects. Version of 2002-JAN-01. Retrieved 2008-DEC-15. Trueman...
v t e Extant Hemiptera families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Paraneoptera...
considered as palaeodictyopterans, as basal Neoptera, or as stem-group of Pterygota – but recent studies have resolved them as the sister group of Dictyoptera...
families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola List of families of Diptera...
also known as Hemimetabola, are a superorder of insects of the subclass Pterygota in the infraclass Neoptera, in which the young resemble adults but have...
the crown group of the Orthoptera, and also the oldest member of the Pterygota (winged insects), is from the Namurian (324 mya) Lower Carboniferous beds...
v t e Extant Hemiptera families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Paraneoptera...
v t e Extant Hemiptera families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Paraneoptera...
families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola List of families of Diptera...
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