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Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
Pseudepigrapha (also anglicized as "pseudepigraph" or "pseudepigraphs") are falsely attributed works, texts whose claimed author is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past. The name of the author to whom the work is falsely attributed is often prefixed with the particle "pseudo-",[1] such as for example "pseudo-Aristotle" or "pseudo-Dionysius": these terms refer to the anonymous authors of works falsely attributed to Aristotle and Dionysius the Areopagite, respectively.
In biblical studies, the term pseudepigrapha can refer to an assorted collection of Jewish religious works thought to be written c. 300 BCE to 300 CE. They are distinguished by Protestants from the deuterocanonical books (Catholic and Orthodox) or Apocrypha (Protestant), the books that appear in extant copies of the Septuagint in the fourth century or later[2] and the Vulgate, but not in the Hebrew Bible or in Protestant Bibles.[3] The Catholic Church distinguishes only between the deuterocanonical and all other books; the latter are called biblical apocrypha, which in Catholic usage includes the pseudepigrapha.[citation needed] In addition, two books considered canonical in the Orthodox Tewahedo churches, the Book of Enoch and Book of Jubilees, are categorized as pseudepigrapha from the point of view of Chalcedonian Christianity.[citation needed]
In addition to the sets of generally agreed to be non-canonical works, scholars will also apply the term to canonical works who make a direct claim of authorship, yet this authorship is doubted. For example, the Book of Daniel is considered by some to have been written in the 2nd century BCE, 400 years after the prophet Daniel lived, and thus the work is pseudepigraphic.[4][5] A New Testament example might be the book of 2 Peter, considered by some to be written approximately 80 years after Saint Peter's death. Early Christians, such as Origen, harbored doubts as to the authenticity of the book's authorship.[6]
The term has also been used by some Muslims to describe hadiths; who claim that most hadiths are fabrications[7] created in the 8th and 9th century CE, and falsely attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[8]
^Bauckham, Richard (September 1988). "Pseudo-Apostolic Letters". Journal of Biblical Literature. 107 (3): 469–494. doi:10.2307/3267581. JSTOR 3267581.
^Beckwith, Roger T. (2008). The Canon of the Old Testament(PDF). Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. pp. 62, 382–83. ISBN 978-1606082492. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^Harris, Stephen L. (2010). Understanding The Bible. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-340744-9.
^Collins, John J. (1992). "Daniel, Book of". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). The Anchor Bible dictionary. Vol. 2. New York London Toronto [etc.]: Doubleday. p. 30. ISBN 0-385-19360-2.
^Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper (1998). Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. InterVarsity Press. p. unpaginated. ISBN 9780830867332. The consensus of modern biblical scholarship is that the book was composed in the second century B.C., that it is a pseudonymous work, and that it is indeed an example of prophecy after the fact.
^Ehrman, Bart D. (2012). Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–88. ISBN 9780199928033.
^Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Musa, Aisha Y. (2010). "The Qur'anists". Religious Compass. 4 (1): 12–21. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00189.x.
Pseudepigrapha (also anglicized as "pseudepigraph" or "pseudepigraphs") are falsely attributed works, texts whose claimed author is not the true author...
17th-century and 18th-century English translations of some Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and New Testament Apocrypha, some of which were assembled in the 1820s...
Modern pseudepigrapha, or modern apocrypha, refer to pseudepigrapha of recent origin – any book written in the style of the books of the Bible or other...
Pseudepigrapha are falsely attributed works, texts whose claimed author is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of...
an author who did not write it. In common usage, however, the term pseudepigrapha is often used by way of distinction to refer to apocryphal writings...
Noah (/ˈnoʊ.ə/) appears as the last of the Antediluvian patriarchs in the traditions of Abrahamic religions. His story appears in the Hebrew Bible (Book...
In Greek mythology, Tartarus (/ˈtɑːrtərəs/; Ancient Greek: Τάρταρος, romanized: Tártaros) is the deep abyss that is used as a dungeon of torment and suffering...
and Judgment of Peter, although scholars believe these works to be pseudepigrapha. The New Testament presents Peter's original name as Simon (/ˈsaɪmən/...
Michael E. (n.d.). Selected Studies in Pseudepigrapha and Apocrypha. Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha. Vol. 9. p. 422. with special reference...
ኩፋሌ, romanized: maṣiḥāfa kufale). Jubilees is considered one of the pseudepigrapha by the Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant churches. Apart from...
Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. It is considered one of the pseudepigrapha by Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox Churches Moshe Berstein...
of Jubilees 9:5 from The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Clarendon Press". www.pseudepigrapha.com. Archived from the original on 14...
destined to die and fall. This Jewish tradition has echoes also in Jewish pseudepigrapha such as 2 Enoch and the Life of Adam and Eve. The Life of Adam and Eve...
Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes scholarship on Jewish literature from the Hellenistic-Roman...
authority of hadith; some further claim that most hadiths are fabrications (pseudepigrapha) created in the 8th and 9th centuries AD, and which are falsely attributed...
"Reconsidering the Testament of Solomon". Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha. 16 (3): 203–237. doi:10.1177/0951820707077166. ISSN 0951-8207. S2CID 161837257...
by L.S.A. Wells from The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English, Volume II Pseudepigrapha edited by R. H. Charles, Clarendon Press...
but debate on how best to characterize these varied texts is ongoing. Pseudepigrapha are works whose authorship is wrongly attributed. A written work can...
needed] Notable examples among the body of texts known as Old Testament pseudepigrapha include the disputed authenticity of Similitudes of Enoch and 4 Ezra...
trademark List of eponymous laws Medical eponyms Metonym Name reaction Pseudepigrapha, texts falsely attributed to and named after someone who is not the...
indefinite form in the Greek Old Testament, Biblical apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha. The Greek New Testament uses the earlier indefinite form while introducing...
subsequent Protestant Bibles. Some non-canonical apocryphal texts are called pseudepigrapha, a term that means "false attribution". The modern English adjective...
orthodox from what was heretical in Judaism.[citation needed] Among the pseudepigrapha 1 Enoch: Book of Parables presents two figures: the son of man and Enoch...
are accounted pseudepigrapha by all other Christian groups, Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox (Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Introduction)...
translation and introduction". In Charlesworth, J.H. (ed.). the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Vol. 2. ISBN 0-385-18813-7. Sparks, H.F.D. (1984). The Apocryphal Old...
the Meal Formula in Joseph and Aseneth". Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha. 14 (2): 113–132. doi:10.1177/0951820705051955. ISSN 0951-8207. S2CID 161240989...
references for the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, Josephus, Nag Hammadi Library, Pseudepigrapha, Apocrypha, Plato, Egyptian Book of the Dead, Talmud, Old Testament...
or used to exist, and are called either New Testament apocrypha or pseudepigrapha. Some of these have left considerable traces on Christian traditions...
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