The Prussian carp, silver Prussian carp or Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) is a member of the family Cyprinidae, which includes many other fish, such as the common carp, goldfish, and the smaller minnows. It is a medium-sized cyprinid, and does not exceed a weight of 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) and a length of 45 centimetres (18 in). They are usually silver, although other color variations exist. They are omnivorous and feed on plankton, invertebrates, plant material and detritus. Originally from Siberia or central Europe,[2] they have been introduced to and are now inhabiting lakes, ponds, and slow-moving rivers throughout Europe, North America, and Asia.[2][3][4][5]
Prussian carps are a highly invasive fish species in areas outside their native range. They reproduce and spread rapidly. In 2020, scientists demonstrated that a small proportion of fertilized Prussian carp eggs ingested by waterfowl survive passing through the digestive tract and hatch after being retrieved from the feces.[6][7] Birds exhibit strong preference for fish eggs, while cyprinids produce hundreds of thousands of eggs at a single spawning event. These data indicate that despite the low proportion of eggs surviving the digestive tract of birds, endozoochory might provide a potentially overlooked dispersal mechanism of Prussian carps. If proven under natural circumstances, endozoochorous dispersal of invasive fish could be a strong conservation concern for freshwater biodiversity.
Prussian carp are capable of gynogenesis, meaning sperm is required to fertilize their eggs, but the male gamete does not contribute any DNA to the embryo. Females lay eggs and then "steal" sperm from related species.[8] In other words, they are able to reproduce from unfertilized egg.[9]
^Bailly, Nicolas (2008). "Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
^ abFroese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2023). "Carassius gibelio" in FishBase. February 2023 version.
^"Carassius gibelio". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
^"Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
^Brykov, Vl. A.; Polyakova, N. E.; Skurikhina, L. A.; Dolganov, S. M.; Eliseikina, M. G.; Kovalev, M. Yu. (2002). "Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Goldfish Carassius auratus gibelio from Far Eastern Water Reservoirs". Russian Journal of Genetics. 38 (10). SpringerLink: 1176–1180. doi:10.1023/A:1020604905154. S2CID 11234180.
^"Experiment shows it is possible for fish to migrate via ingestion by birds". phys.org. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
^Lovas-Kiss, Ádám; Vincze, Orsolya; Löki, Viktor; Pallér-Kapusi, Felícia; Halasi-Kovács, Béla; Kovács, Gyula; Green, Andy J.; Lukács, Balázs András (18 June 2020). "Experimental evidence of dispersal of invasive cyprinid eggs inside migratory waterfowl". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (27): 15397–15399. doi:10.1073/pnas.2004805117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7355035. PMID 32571940.
^"Attack of the clones: Sperm-stealing Prussian carp threaten to overwhelm Alberta waterways". CBC. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
^İlhan, Ali; Sari, Hasan; Kurtul, Irmak; Akçali, Miraç (25 April 2020). "Meriç Nehri Balık Faunasının Güncel Durumu ve Yabancı Türlerin Yerli Türler Üzerindeki Olası Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi". Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research (in Turkish). 6 (1): 75–87. doi:10.17216/limnofish.504512.
The Prussiancarp, silver Prussiancarp or Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) is a member of the family Cyprinidae, which includes many other fish, such as...
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". Pet Central. July 17, 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2020. "USGS NAS silver carp fact sheet". Archived from the original on 2009-05-10. Retrieved 2019-01-13...
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brown trout, and lake sturgeon. In 2008 the presence of reproducing Prussiancarp were found in the Red Deer River drainage basin which flows into the...
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