Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chemical compound
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. It has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position. It is a white granular solid. Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones. The name "hydroquinone" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.[7]
In 2021, it was the 282nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions.[8][9]
^ ab"Front Matter". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 691. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
^ abcdNIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0338". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^"Hydroquinone" (PDF). OECD SIDS. UNEP Publications. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^Lander, John J.; Svirbely, John J. Lander, W. J. (1945). "The Dipole Moments of Catechol, Resorcinol and Hydroquinone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 67 (2): 322–324. doi:10.1021/ja01218a051.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"Hydroquinone". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^F. Wöhler (1844) "Untersuchungen über das Chinon" (Investigations of quinone), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 51 : 145-163. From page 146: "Das so erhaltene Destillat … enthält … einen neuen, krystallisierenden Körper, den ich unter dem Namen farbloses Hydrochinon weiter unten näher beschreiben werde." (The distillate so obtained … contains … a new, crystallizable substance, that I will describe, under the name of colorless hydroquinone, further below in more detail.) [Note: Wöhler's empirical formula for hydroquinone (p. 152) is incorrect because (1) he attributed 25 (instead of 24) carbon atoms to the molecule, and (2) as many chemists at the time did, he used the wrong atomic masses for carbon (6 instead of 12) and oxygen (8 instead of 16). With these corrections, his empirical formula becomes: C12H12O4. Dividing the subscripts by 2, the result is: C6H6O2, which is correct.]
^"The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^"Hydroquinone - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical...
Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) name, arbutin, is a glycosylated derivative of hydroquinone. β-Arbutin is naturally present in the leaves and bark of a variety of...
enzymology, a hydroquinone glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.218) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction UDP-glucose + hydroquinone ⇌ {\displaystyle...
containing hydroquinone is banned in some countries, such as the member states of the EU. In 2006, the FDA removed previous advice that stated hydroquinone was...
compounds, hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide, which are stored in two reservoirs in the beetle's abdomen. When the aqueous solution of hydroquinones and hydrogen...
Monobenzone, also called 4-(Benzyloxy)phenol and monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH) is an organic chemical in the phenol family with chemical formula...
to light activates. Hydroquinone is used to reduce the activated silver ions to metallic silver. During this process, hydroquinone is oxidized to quinone...
formulated with hydroquinone, tretinoin, and a steroid component have shown to be more effective than dual combination therapy or hydroquinone alone. More...
which may be permanent. Clobetasol propionate is, along with mercury and hydroquinone, "amongst the most toxic and most used agents in lightening products...
Several are prescription only in the US, especially in high doses, such as hydroquinone, azelaic acid, and kojic acid. Some are available without prescription...
be inefficient in this case, however other agents might work well (4% hydroquinone, 5% topical cysteamine, 10% topical ascorbic acid). Freckle List of skin...
products are popular, creams have been found to contain toxic levels of hydroquinone and mercury. Efforts to lighten the skin date back to at least the 16th...
can occur from exogenous administration of phenol complexes such as hydroquinone. It was first described by Rudolf Virchow in 1865. The two types of ochronosis...
redox states, which are the flavin-N(5)-oxide, quinone, semiquinone, and hydroquinone. FAD is converted between these states by accepting or donating electrons...
reaction 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } hydroquinone + CO2 This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases...
contain more than one developing agents, such as Metol and hydroquinone, or Phenidone and hydroquinone. This is because they work together to a synergistic...
(1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone), dimezone (4,4-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazolidin-3-one) and hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol). Dimezone is thought to resist oxidation in solution...
resorcinol, and 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (the para isomer) is commonly known as hydroquinone. All three of these compounds are colorless to white granular solids...
with its electron during the process of dehydrogenation of a hydroquinone, such as hydroquinone itself or catechol, to a quinone or alternatively the addition...
hydroperoxide, it rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone. Oxidation of hydroquinone gives 1,4-benzoquinone: C 6 H 4 ( CHMe 2 ) 2 + 2 1 2 O...
one time, hydroquinone solution was often mixed in an oil-free moisturizer that acted like a skin bleach. However the use of hydroquinone for skin whitening...
N-4-hydroxyphenylglycine (Glycin). It can be obtained by reaction of hydroquinone with methylamine. Metol is an excellent developing agent for most continuous...
(REL) of 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. Monobenzone (benzyloxyphenol) Hydroquinone Guaiacol 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde Stiefel Laboratories, Inc. "Full...
the reaction of 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone with the disodium salt of hydroquinone, which is generated in situ by deprotonation with sodium carbonate. The...
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