Propofol[7] is the active component of an intravenous anesthetic formulation used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It is chemically termed 2,6-diisopropylphenol. The formulation was approved under the brand name Diprivan. Numerous generic versions have since been released. Intravenous administration is used to induce unconsciousness after which anesthesia may be maintained using a combination of medications. It is manufactured as part of a sterile injectable emulsion formulation using soybean oil and lecithin, giving it a white milky coloration.[8]
Recovery from propofol-induced anesthesia is generally rapid and associated with less frequent side effects[9] (e.g. drowsiness, nausea, vomiting) compared to other anesthetic agents. Propofol may be used prior to diagnostic procedures requiring anesthesia, in the management of refractory status epilepticus, and for induction and/or maintenance of anesthesia prior to and during surgeries. It may be administered as a bolus or an infusion, or some combination of the two.
First synthesized in 1973, by John B. Glen, a British veterinary anesthesiologist working for Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI, later AstraZeneca).[10] In 1986 propofol was introduced for therapeutic use as a lipid emulsion in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Propofol (Diprivan) received FDA approval in October 1989. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11]
^"Propofol". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
^Ruffle JK (November 2014). "Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 40 (6): 428–437. doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.933840. PMID 25083822. S2CID 19157711. Propofol is a general anesthetic, however its abuse for recreational purpose has been documented (120). Using control drugs implicated in both ΔFosB induction and addiction (ethanol and nicotine), similar ΔFosB expression was apparent when propofol was given to rats. Moreover, this cascade was shown to act via the dopamine D1 receptor in the NAc, suggesting that propofol has abuse potential (119)
^Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
^"Diprivan- propofol injection, emulsion". DailyMed. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ abc"Propofol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
^Arcario MJ, Mayne CG, Tajkhorshid E (October 2014). "Atomistic models of general anesthetics for use in in silico biological studies". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 118 (42). American Chemical Society (ACS): 12075–12086. doi:10.1021/jp502716m. PMC 4207551. PMID 25303275.
^"Propofol". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
^"Making Stable, Sterile Propofol". www.microfluidics-mpt.com. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
^"Propofol". go.drugbank.com. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
^Glen JB (July 2019). "Try, try, and try again: personal reflections on the development of propofol". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 123 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.02.031. PMID 30982566. S2CID 115198733.
^World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
Propofol is the active component of an intravenous anesthetic formulation used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It is chemically termed...
Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare syndrome which affects patients undergoing long-term treatment with high doses of the anaesthetic and sedative...
comeback concerts scheduled to begin in July 2009, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication after suffering cardiac arrest on June...
On June 25, 2009, the American singer Michael Jackson died of acute propofol intoxication in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 50. His personal physician...
having inadvertently overdosed him with a powerful surgical anesthetic, propofol, which was being improperly used as a bedtime sleep agent. Murray served...
disaster. Uncontrollable fits of sneezing are common in patients under propofol sedation who undergo periocular or retrobulbar injection. There is much...
ciprofol is 4–6 times more potent than other phenol derivatives such as propofol or fospropofol. As of 2023, it is still an investigational drug. Manufactured...
Medicines, but was supplanted by propofol. Despite this, thiopental is listed as an acceptable alternative to propofol, depending on local availability...
drugs which can be used for sedation include isoflurane, diethyl ether, propofol, etomidate, ketamine, pentobarbital, lorazepam and midazolam. Sedation...
was done in 1872 using chloral hydrate, and the common anesthetic agent propofol was licensed in 1986. TIVA is currently employed in various procedures...
receptors. It takes 40 seconds for the effects of propofol to kick in, and effects last six minutes. Propofol has both sedative and amnestic effects, but provides...
and propofol. Both drugs are anesthetic agents. It can be mixed with propofol in the same syringe. The combination appears to be safer than propofol by...
possibility of an action potential. However, some general anaesthetics like propofol and high doses of barbiturates may not only be positive allosteric modulators...
stomach contents. Propofol-based anesthetic techniques result in significant concentrations of propofol in follicular fluid. As propofol has been shown to...
series of comeback concerts, This Is It, Jackson died from an overdose of propofol administered by his personal physician, Conrad Murray, who was convicted...
derivatives and prodrugs of the widely used intravenous anesthetic agent propofol have been developed, of which fospropofol has been found to be the most...
the body quickly. In the elderly, the rate of Propofol clearance is low. Therefore, lower doses of Propofol (50 to 100 mg) should be given. It is suitable...
associated 2.5-fold increase in the risk of dying compared with those given propofol. People given etomidate also had significantly greater odds of having cardiovascular...
odds of dying in the first seven days after anesthetic. For instance, propofol (injection) might be used to start the anesthetic, fentanyl (injection)...
counteracted also by benzodiazepines or propofol administration. Ketofol is a combination of ketamine and propofol. Ketamine is frequently used in severely...
superior to diazepam in impairing memory of endoscopy procedures, but propofol has a quicker recovery time and a better memory-impairing effect. It is...
, Propofol) in order to ensure patient comfort and amnesia during the procedure. Opioid analgesics (e.g., Fentanyl) may be combined with Propofol, although...