Prophenoloxidase b hexamer, Marsupenaeus japonicus.
Prophenoloxidase (proPO) is a modified form of the complement response found in some invertebrates, including insects, crabs and worms.[1] It is a copper-containing metalloprotein.[2]
A major innate defense system in invertebrates is the melanization of pathogens and damaged tissues. This important process is controlled by the enzyme phenoloxidase (PO).[3] The conversion of prophenoloxidase to the active form of the enzyme can be brought about by minuscule amounts of molecules such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and beta-1,3-glucans from microorganisms.[4]
However, it still has many arguments in the innate immune function, especially in model invertebrate animal.[5] The proPO homologous-protein in mammal also does not have any immune activity. Thus, it might be difficult to conclude its function in immunity.
^Beck, Gregory; Habicht, Gail S. (November 1996). "Immunity and the Invertebrates" (PDF). Scientific American. 275 (5): 60–66. Bibcode:1996SciAm.275e..60B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1196-60. PMID 8875808.
^Sánchez-Aparicio, José-Emilio; Tiessler-Sala, Laura; Velasco-Carneros, Lorea; Roldán-Martín, Lorena; Sciortino, Giuseppe; Maréchal, Jean-Didier (2021-01-25). "BioMetAll: Identifying Metal-Binding Sites in Proteins from Backbone Preorganization". Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 61 (1): 311–323. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00827. hdl:10261/310255. ISSN 1549-9596. PMID 33337144.
^Cerenius, L; Söderhäll, K (2004). "The prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrates". Immunological Reviews. 198: 116–26. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00116.x. PMID 15199959. S2CID 10614298.
^Söderhäll, K; Cerenius, L (1998). "Role of the prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrate immunity". Current Opinion in Immunology. 10 (1): 23–8. doi:10.1016/S0952-7915(98)80026-5. PMID 9523106.
^Leclerc, V; Reichhart, JM (2006). "Prophenoloxidase activation is not required for survival to microbial infections in Drosophila". EMBO Rep. 7 (2): 231–5. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400592. PMC 1369246. PMID 16322759.
Prophenoloxidase (proPO) is a modified form of the complement response found in some invertebrates, including insects, crabs and worms. It is a copper-containing...
activation of the enzyme phenoloxidase (PO) which is controlled by the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activation system. During activation of the proPO cascade,...
cascade, the complement system, apoptosis pathways, and the invertebrate prophenoloxidase-activating cascade). Proteases can either break specific peptide bonds...
PMID 11916114. S2CID 26023927. Cerenius L, Söderhäll K (April 2004). "The prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrates". Immunological Reviews. 198 (1):...
1099/0022-1317-51-3-189. PMID 11871612. Cerenius L, Söderhäll K (April 2004). "The prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrates". Immunological Reviews. 198: 116–26...
worms utilize a modified form of the complement response known as the prophenoloxidase (proPO) system. Antimicrobial peptides are an evolutionarily conserved...
nigra converts caffeic acid to quinone and melanine at injured cells. Prophenoloxidase is a modified form of the complement response found in some invertebrates...
methods for diagnosis of peri-implant bone and joint infections using prophenoloxidase pathway, (2017). Methods utilizing D-dimer for diagnosis of periprosthetic...
Retrieved 2 February 2017. Armigeres subalbatus (Diptera: Culicidae) prophenoloxidase III is required for mosquito cuticle formation: ultrastructural study...
bacteria indirectly by activating one of four unique effector pathways: prophenoloxidase cascade, Toll pathway, IMD pathway, and induction of phagocytosis....
glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase can be monitored. A prophenoloxidase can also be recovered from the insect. The phenolic biosynthetic and...
(August 2008). "The Viral Protein Egf1.0 Is a Dual Activity Inhibitor of Prophenoloxidase-activating Proteinases 1 and 3 from Manduca sexta". Journal of Biological...
Swansea University) in 1988. Her doctoral research investigated the prophenoloxidase system (pPO) in reduviid bugs and tsetse flies using in vitro experiments...
this process produces melanin and aids in wound healing by activating prophenoloxidase. The only spiders that are currently classified as “venomous spiders”...
Baton et al., 2009 find this includes increased expression of the prophenoloxidase gene, cascading to increase phenoloxidase and thereby melanization...
laminarin and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of the prophenoloxidase cascade in the African migratory locust Locusta migratoria. Journal...
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