A predictive adaptive response (PAR) is a developmental trajectory taken by an organism during a period of developmental plasticity in response to perceived environmental cues.[1] This PAR does not confer an immediate advantage to the developing organism; however, if the PAR correctly anticipates the postnatal environment it will be advantageous in later life, if the environment the organism is born into differs from that anticipated by the PAR it will result in a mismatch.[2] PAR mechanisms were first recognized in research done on human fetuses that investigated whether poor nutrition results in the inevitable diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes in later life.[3] PARs are thought to occur through epigenetic mechanisms that alter gene expression, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, and do not involve changes to the DNA sequence of the developing organism.[4] Examples of PARs include greater helmet development in Daphnia cucullata in response to maternal exposure to predator pheromones,[5] rats exposed to glucocorticoid during late gestation led to an intolerance to glucose as adults,[6] and coat thickness determination in vole pups by the photoperiod length experienced by the mother.[7] Two hypotheses to explain PAR are the "thrifty phenotype" hypothesis and the developmental plasticity hypothesis.
^Low, F.M., Gluckman, P.D., Hanson, M.A.: Developmental Plasticity, Epigenetics and Human Health. Evol. Biol. 39, 650-665 (2012)
^Godfrey, K.M., Lillycrop, K.A., Burdge, G.C., Gluckman, P.D., Hanson, M.A.: Epigenetic mechanisms and the mismatch concept of the developmental origins of health and disease. Pediatr. Res. 61, 5R-10R (2007)
^Tammen, S.A.; Friso, S.; Choi, S.W. (2013). "Epigenetics: The link between nature and nurture". Mol. Aspects Med. 34 (4): 753–764. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.018. PMC 3515707. PMID 22906839.
^Agrawal, A.A.; Laforsch, C.; Tollrian, R. (1999). "Transgenerational induction of defences in animals and plants". Nature. 401 (6748): 60–63. Bibcode:1999Natur.401...60A. doi:10.1038/43425. S2CID 4326322.
^Nyirenda, M.J.; Lindsay, R.S.; Kenyon, C.J.; Burchell, A.; Seckl, J.R. (1998). "Glucocorticoid exposure in late gestation permanently programs rat hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucocorticoid receptor expression and causes glucose intolerance in adult offspring". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 101 (10): 2174–2181. doi:10.1172/JCI1567. PMC 508805. PMID 9593773.
^Lee, T.M.; Zucker, I. (1988). "Vole infant development is influenced perinatally by maternal photoperiodic history". Am. J. Physiol. 255 (5): R831–R838. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.5.r831. PMID 3056043.
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