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Emotional intelligence (EI) is defined as the ability to perceive, use, understand, manage, and handle emotions. People with high emotional intelligence can recognize their own emotions and those of others, use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior, discern between different feelings and label them appropriately, and adjust emotions to adapt to environments.[1]
Although the term first appeared in 1964,[2] it gained popularity in the 1995 bestselling book Emotional Intelligence by science journalist Daniel Goleman. Goleman defined EI as the array of skills and characteristics that drive leadership performance.[3] Some researchers suggest that emotional intelligence can be learned and strengthened, while others claim it is an inborn characteristic.[4]
Various models have been developed to measure EI. In 1987, Keith Beasley used the term Emotional Quotient (EQ) in an article, named after the Intelligence Quotient (IQ).[5] The trait model, developed by Konstantinos V. Petrides in 2001, focuses on self reporting of behavioral dispositions and perceived abilities.[6] The ability model, (Mayeret al., 2023) focuses on the individual's ability to process emotional information and use it to navigate the social environment.[7] Goleman's original model may now be considered a mixed model that combines what has since been modeled separately as ability EI and trait EI.
Recent research has focused on emotion recognition, which refers to the attribution of emotional states based on observations of visual and auditory nonverbal cues.[8] In addition, neurological studies have sought to characterize the neural mechanisms of emotional intelligence.[9]
Studies show that there is a correlation between people with high EI and positive workplace performance,[10] although no causal relationships have been shown. EI is typically associated with empathy because it involves a person connecting their personal experiences with those of others. Since its popularization in recent decades, methods of developing EI have become sought by people seeking to become more effective leaders.[11]
Criticisms have centered on whether EI is a real intelligence, and whether it has incremental validity over IQ and the Big Five personality traits.[12][13] However, meta-analyses have found that certain measures of EI have validity even when controlling for IQ and personality.[14][15]
- ^ Colman A (2008). A Dictionary of Psychology (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199534067.
- ^ Beldoch M, Davitz JR (1976). The communication of emotional meaning. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780837185279. OCLC 647368022.
- ^ Goleman, et al. (2023). "What Makes a Leader?". Harvard Business Review. 76: 92–105.
- ^ Jovanovski A (2020-03-28). "Emotional Intelligence". Trainers Library. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:8was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Petrides KV, Furnham A (November 2001). "Trait Emotional Intelligence: Psychometric Investigation with Reference to Established Trait Taxonomies". European Journal of Personality. 15 (6): 425–48. doi:10.1002/per.416. S2CID 144031083.
- ^ Mayer JD, Salovey P, Caruso DR (July 2004). "Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Findings, and Implications". Psychological Inquiry. 15 (3): 197–215. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1503_02. S2CID 144415437.
- ^
- Durand K, Gallay M, Seigneuric A, Robichon F, Baudouin JY (May 2007). "The development of facial emotion recognition: the role of configural information" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 97 (1): 14–27. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.12.001. PMID 17291524. S2CID 18976192. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-21.
- Bänziger T (2014). "Measuring Emotion Recognition Ability". In Michalos AC (ed.). Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 3934–3941. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_4188. ISBN 978-94-007-0753-5.
- ^
- "Scientists Complete 1st Map of 'Emotional Intelligence' in the Brain". U.S. News & World Report. 2013-01-28. Archived from the original on 2014-08-14.
- Kosonogov VV, Vorobyeva E, Kovsh E, Ermakov PN (2019). "A review of neurophysiological and genetic correlates of emotional intelligence" (PDF). International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education. 7 (1): 137–142. doi:10.5937/IJCRSEE1901137K. ISSN 2334-847X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-11.
- ^ 张辉华, 王辉; ZHANG Hui-Hua, WANG Hui (2011-02-28). "个体情绪智力与工作场所绩效关系的元分析". 心理学报 (in Chinese). 43 (2): 188. ISSN 0439-755X.
- ^ "Emotional Intelligence in Leadership: Why It's Important". Business Insights Blog. 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
- ^
- Harms PD, Credé M (2010). "Remaining Issues in Emotional Intelligence Research: Construct Overlap, Method Artifacts, and Lack of Incremental Validity". Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice. 3 (2): 154–158. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01217.x. S2CID 144371039.
- Cavazotte F, Moreno V, Hickmann M (2012). "Effects of leader intelligence, personality and emotional intelligence on transformational leadership and managerial performance". The Leadership Quarterly. 23 (3): 443–455. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.10.003.
- ^ Joseph DL, Newman DA (January 2010). "Emotional intelligence: an integrative meta-analysis and cascading model". The Journal of Applied Psychology. 95 (1): 54–78. doi:10.1037/a0017286. PMID 20085406. S2CID 11238077.
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