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In this Indonesian name, there is no family name nor a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Pramoedya.
Pramoedya Ananta Toer
Pramoedya, c. 1955
Born
(1925-02-06)6 February 1925 Blora, Dutch East Indies
Died
30 April 2006(2006-04-30) (aged 81) Jakarta, Indonesia
Occupation
Novelist
essayist
Notable works
The Buru Quartet
This Earth of Mankind
Child of All Nations
Footsteps
House of Glass
Spouse
Arvah Iljas
(m. 1950; div. 1954)
Maemunah Thamrin
(m. 1955; died 2006)
Signature
Pramoedya Ananta Toer (EYD: Pramudya Ananta Tur; 6 February 1925 – 30 April 2006), also nicknamed Pram,[1] was an Indonesian novelist and writer. His works span the colonial period under Dutch rule, Indonesia's struggle for independence, its occupation by Japan during the Second World War, as well as the post-colonial authoritarian regimes of Sukarno and Suharto, and are infused with personal and national history.
Pramoedya's writings sometimes fell out of favour with the colonial and later the authoritarian native governments in power. He faced censorship in Indonesia during the pre-Reformasi era even though he was well-known outside Indonesia. Dutch authorities imprisoned him from 1947 to 1949 during the War of Independence. During the transition to the Suharto regime, he was caught up in the shifting tides of political change and power struggles. Suharto had him imprisoned from 1969 to 1979 on the Maluku island of Buru and branded him a Communist. He was seen as a holdover from the previous regime, despite having struggled with it. It was on the Island of Buru that he composed his most famous work, the Buru Quartet. Not permitted access to writing materials, he recited the story orally to other prisoners before it was written down and smuggled out.
Pramoedya opposed some policies of founding President Sukarno as well as the New Order regime of Suharto, Sukarno's successor. Political criticisms were often subtle in his writing, although he was outspoken against colonialism, racism, and corruption of the Indonesian new government. During the many years in which he suffered imprisonment and house arrest (in Jakarta after his imprisonment in Buru), he became a cause célèbre for advocates of human rights and freedom of expression.
^Dzulfaroh, Ahmad Naufal (14 August 2019). "Pram dan Pulau Buru, Tempat Lahirnya Bumi Manusia" [Pram and Buru Island, the Birthplace of This Earth of Mankind]. Kompas. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
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