The politics of Indonesia take place in the framework of a presidential representative democratic republic whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the bicameral People's Consultative Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.[1]
The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive, legislative and judicial power. The governmental system has been described as "presidential with parliamentary characteristics".[1] Following the Indonesian riots of May 1998 and the resignation of President Suharto, Indonesia's long-standing dictator, several political reforms were implemented via amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia, which resulted in changes to all branches of government and restored democracy in Indonesia..
The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Indonesia a "flawed democracy" in 2022.[2] According to the V-Dem Democracy indices Indonesia was 2023 the 11th most electoral democratic country in Asia.[3] Indonesia's political parties have been characterized as cartel parties with extensive power-sharing among parties and limited accountability to voters.[4][5]
Indonesia fails to meet many of the civil requirements for a consolidated, or maximalist, democracy. Individuals in Indonesia are generally not free to practice and express their religious faith. Atheists and those who practice one of the unofficial religions in Indonesia can be penalized and face discrimination.[6] The court system often has many instances of corruption, and there is no due process in civil and criminal matters.[6]
^ abKing, Blair. A Inside Indonesia:Constitutional tinkering: The search for consensus is taking time Archived 29 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine access date 23 May 2009
^"Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
^V-Dem Institute (2023). "The V-Dem Dataset". Retrieved 14 October 2023.
^Slater, Dan (2018). "Party Cartelization, Indonesian-Style: Presidential Powersharing and the Contingency of Democratic Opposition". Journal of East Asian Studies. 18 (1): 23–46. doi:10.1017/jea.2017.26. ISSN 1598-2408.
^Slater, Dan (2024). "Indonesia's High-Stakes Handover". Journal of Democracy. 35 (2): 40–51. doi:10.1353/jod.2024.a922832. ISSN 1086-3214. The cardinal fact of Indonesian elite politics is that party competition during elections is invariably followed by party cartelization after elections.4 Since the exact contours and boundaries of the ruling coalition are always subject to intense and protracted negotiation, it is never certain who will be in government and who will be out. What is certain is that it is Indonesian elites, not Indonesian voters, who decide what the government will look like and who, if anybody, will serve as opposition.
^ ab"Indonesia: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
and 27 Related for: Politics of Indonesia information
Since 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system. In the four legislative elections since the fall of the New Order regime, no political party has won...
religion in Indonesia, with 87% of the Indonesian population identifying themselves as Muslims, based on civil registry data in 2022. In terms of denomination...
Indonesia, officially the Republic ofIndonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over...
The Prime Minister of the Republic ofIndonesia (Indonesian: Perdana Menteri Republik Indonesia) was a political office in Indonesia which existed from...
an official political coalition in Indonesia which was formed through a political agreement between two parties from the Onward Indonesia Coalition, namely...
president of the Republic ofIndonesia (Indonesian: Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the head of state and head of government of the Republic ofIndonesia. The...
capital ofIndonesia is Jakarta, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia. However, since the enaction of the Special Region of Jakarta...
history, Indonesia has had many politicians who gave birth to other politicians. Here is a list of prominent political families in Indonesia. Abdullah...
Greater Indonesia (in Indonesian: Indonesia Raya) was an irredentist political concept that sought to bring the so-called Malay race together, by uniting...
The 1945 State Constitution of the Republic ofIndonesia (Indonesian: Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, commonly abbreviated as...
Communist Party ofIndonesia (Indonesian: Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI) was a communist party in the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia. It was the largest...
The term Government of the Republic ofIndonesia (Indonesian: Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, sometimes written as Pemerintah RI, Pemri, or simply Pemerintah)...
nationalist, right-wing populist political party in Indonesia. Since 2019, it has been the third-largest party in the House of Representatives (DPR) with 78...
and conquests, as well as by trade, economics and politics. Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17,000 to 18,000 islands stretching along the equator...
Indonesia is divided into provinces (Indonesian: Provinsi). Provinces are made up of regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota). Provinces, regencies, and...
is the head of state and also head of government of the Republic ofIndonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and...
rights in Indonesia are defined by the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945) and the laws under it; several rights are guaranteed especially as a result of the constitutional...
Indonesian National Party (Indonesian: Partai Nasional Indonesia, abbr. PNI) was the name used by several nationalist political parties in Indonesia from...
president of the Republic ofIndonesia (Indonesian: Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia) is second-highest officer in the executive branch of the Indonesian government...
The Indonesian National Armed Forces (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, lit. 'Indonesian National Military'; abbreviated as TNI) are the military...
centre-left secular-nationalist political party in Indonesia. Since 2014, it has been the ruling and largest party in the House of Representatives (DPR), having...
This is a list of activities carried out by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in Indonesia. Prior to WWII, Indonesia was a Dutch colony. The Dutch took...
The IndonesianPolitical Federation (Indonesian: Gabungan Politik Indonesia, GAPI) was an umbrella organization of various nationalist organizations in...
Court of the Republic ofIndonesia (Indonesian: Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia) is one of the apex courts in Indonesia along with the Indonesian Supreme...