Political parallelism is a feature of media systems. In comparative media system research, it "refers to the character of links between political actors and the media and more generally the extent to which media reflects political divisions."[1] Daniel C. Hallin and Paoli Mancini used the term to analyse links between media organizations and political tendencies; appropriating an older concept by Colin Seymour-Ure who had originally applied it in a narrower way to the links between the press and political parties.[2]
The term was defined in Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini’s Comparing Media Systems in 2004. The authors analysed media systems according to four dimensions: the development of a mass press, political parallelism, professionalization of journalists, and state intervention. According to these four dimensions, media systems were then categorised into three ideal models, the Polarized Pluralist Model, the Liberal Model and the Democratic Corporatist media system.
There are five factors indicating a media system’s degree of political parallelism:[3]
Factor
Example
1
The extent to which media reflects distinct political orientations and allegiances, and the orientation and professional practice of journalists.
Chris Smith is a journalist and works for the newspaper The Timeline. In his spare time, he visits meetings of the National Workers’ Party. He likes their stance, so he writes favourable articles on their election manifesto.
2
Organizational links between media and political parties or organizations.
Tanya Smith is a local politician. As a second job, she writes articles for a local newspaper.
3
The involvement of media personnel as former political actors.
After his retirement as town major, Elias Smith decides to write articles for the local newspaper, explaining current political developments from his point of view.
4
Whether the career advancement of media personnel is dependent on political affiliations.
Jennifer Smith is a young journalist. She knows that it will be difficult for her to further her career without meeting "the right people", so she joins the government’s party.
5
The media audiences’ partisanship.
Andrew Smith is a grocer. He buys the Daily Newspaper every day, because he almost always agrees with how they interpret current events.
^Hardy 2008, p. 18.
^Seymour-Ure, Colin (1974). The political impact of mass media. London, UK: Constable.
^Hardy 2008, p. 100.
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