Linear change in the refractive index of optical media due to an electric field
A schematic of a Pockels cell modulating the polarization of light. In this case, the Pockels cell is acting as a quarter wave plate, where linearly-polarized light is converted to circularly-polarized light. With the addition of a Brewster window (left), this change in polarization can be converted to a change in the intensity of the beam, by transmitting only the p-polarized vector component.
In optics, the Pockels effect, or Pockels electro-optic effect, is a directionally-dependent linear variation in the refractive index of an optical medium that occurs in response to the application of an electric field. It is named after the German physicist Friedrich Carl Alwin Pockels, who studied the effect in 1893.[1][2] The non-linear counterpart, the Kerr effect, causes changes in the refractive index at a rate proportional to the square of the applied electric field. In optical media, the Pockels effect causes changes in birefringence that vary in proportion to the strength of the applied electric field.
The Pockels effect occurs in crystals that lack inversion symmetry, such as monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4, abbr. KDP), potassium dideuterium phosphate (KD2PO4, abbr. KD*P or DKDP), lithium niobate (LiNbO3), beta-barium borate (BBO), barium titanate (BTO) and in other non-centrosymmetric media such as electric-field poled polymers or glasses. The Pockels effect has been elucidated through extensive study of electro-optic properties in materials like KDP.[3]
^Pockels, F. (1894). Ueber den Einfluss des elektrostatischen Feldes auf das optische Verhalten piëzoelektrischer Krystalle. Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (in German). Vol. 39. Göttingen: Dieterich. OCLC 55796322.
^Pockels, F. (1906). Lehrbuch der Kristalloptik. B.G. Teubners Sammlung von Lehrbüchern auf dem Gebiete der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit einschluss ihrer Anwendungen (in German). Vol. 19. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. Bibcode:1906lekr.book.....P. OCLC 864091434.
^"Electro-Optics Properties of KH2PO4 and Isomorphs" (PDF). Information Sheet. Cleveland Crystals, Inc. 1976.
In optics, the Pockelseffect, or Pockels electro-optic effect, is a directionally-dependent linear variation in the refractive index of an optical medium...
applied electric field. The Kerr effect is distinct from the Pockelseffect in that the induced index change for the Kerr effect is directly proportional to...
Carl Alwin Pockels, for whom the Pockelseffect was named, was a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Heidelberg. Pockels was born in...
Friedrich Carl Alwin Pockels (18 June 1865 – 29 August 1913) was a German physicist. He was born in Italy to Captain Theodore Pockels and Alwine Becker....
properties such as birefringency, or electro-optical features such as the Pockelseffect. The point groups are named according to their component symmetries...
Pockelseffect depends on its symmetry. Both centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric media will exhibit an effect similar to Pockels, the Kerr effect...
is the second-order susceptibility (describing phenomena such as the Pockelseffect, optical rectification and second-harmonic generation), and χ ( 3 )...
materials that do not possess inversion symmetry), it is known as the Pockelseffect.: 265 If the refractive index of a medium is not constant but varies...
inversion symmetry and displays ferroelectricity, the Pockelseffect, the piezoelectric effect, photoelasticity and nonlinear optical polarizability....
light, but the properties of the medium are affected by other causes: Pockelseffect, the refractive index is affected by a static electric field; used in...
\chi ^{(2)}} gives the Pockelseffect and second harmonic generation, and χ ( 3 ) {\displaystyle \chi ^{(3)}} gives the Kerr effect. This expansion shows...
Pockels, and Faraday) Archived 2006-05-10 at the Wayback Machine Faraday Rotation Effect in (radio)astronomy A simple demonstration of the effect on...
techniques Modulation sphere Polar modulation Electro-optic modulator for Pockel'sEffect phase modulation for applying sidebands to a monochromatic wave Klie...
length, mass, time – Max Planck Platonic year – Plato Pockelseffect – Friedrich Carl Alwin Pockels Pogson ratio – Norman Robert Pogson Poincaré map, section...
widening the angular existence domain for Dyakonov surface waves using the Pockelseffect". Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 50 (9): 2360–2362. arXiv:0804...
Hussain, Muhammad M. (2014). "Tin – an unlikely ally for silicon field effect transistors?". Physica Status Solidi RRL. 8 (4): 332–335. Bibcode:2014PSSRR...
are detected (amplitude, phase) using electro-optic systems and the Pockelseffect. These measurements provide information about the dielectric response...
to the square modulus of the electric field. These are the Pockelseffect and Kerr effect, respectively. However, to achieve these effects electrodes...
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