Arion vulgaris opening its pneumostomeAn individual Arion rufus with the pneumostome wide openDrawing showing the different external anatomical features of a slugOpen and closed pneumostomeThe pneumostome of Triboniophorus graeffei is on its dorsal surface.
The pneumostome or breathing pore is a respiratory opening of the external body anatomy of an air-breathing land slug or land snail. It is a part of the respiratory system of gastropods.
It is an opening in the right side of the mantle of a stylommatophoran snail or slug. Air enters through the pneumostome into the animal's single lung, the air-filled mantle cavity.[1] Inside the mantle cavity the animal has a highly vascularized area of tissue that functions as a lung.
The pneumostome is often much easier to see in slugs than in snails, because of the absence of a shell which can often block the view of this area. In a land slug, when the pneumostome is wide open, it is usually very clearly visible on the right side of the animal. However, the position of the pneumostome is often not at all easy to discern when this orifice is completely closed.
The pneumostome opens and closes in a cyclical manner. The frequency of pneumostome closing and opening is typically less than 0.5 closures per minute in fully hydrated slugs and snails. The rate of closures per minute increases the more dehydrated the slug is.[2]
^Fox, Richard (2006). "Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine". Lander University. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
^Pneumostome's response to dehydration The pneumostome rhythm in slugs: a response to dehydration controlled by hemolymph osmolality and peptide hormones. Dickinson PS, Prior DJ, Avery C. Source Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011.
The pneumostome or breathing pore is a respiratory opening of the external body anatomy of an air-breathing land slug or land snail. It is a part of the...
single lung (on the right side) which opens externally via a pneumostome. The pneumostome lung cavity is heavily vascularized to allow gas exchange. Dehydration...
on the right-hand side of the mantle is a respiratory opening, the pneumostome, which is easier to see when open; also on the right side at the front...
(possibly orange, magenta, or maroon) triangle on the mantle surrounding the pneumostome, and a red line at the edge of the foot. The texture of the dorsum of...
concentrically and interruptedly ridged around a sub-posterior nucleus. The pneumostome is just posterior to the midpoint of the mantle, as it is in all Limacidae...
over their gills, and the Siphonariidae ("false limpets"), which have a pneumostome for breathing air like the majority of terrestrial Gastropoda. The basic...
moist and damp areas of the forest floor. Mantle, note the prominent pneumostome Tail, note full length foot fringe and keel. This individual appears...
have helical shells. Slugs appear externally symmetrical, but their pneumostome (breathing hole) is located on the right side. Other gastropods develop...
family Arionidae, the roundback slugs. Slugs in the genus Arion have the pneumostome (respiratory pore) in the front part of the mantle and a round back without...
gastropods in the form of a helical shell A red slug, clearly showing the pneumostome Male caribou usually possess one brow tine flattened into a shovel shape...
lung from the mantle cavity. An externally located opening called the pneumostome allows air to be taken into the mantle cavity lung. The lungs of today's...
dark lateral bands (the right band usually running entirely above the pneumostome). The tentacles are bluish or reddish, and the slug bluish or orange...
developed a vascularised lung from the mantle cavity. These groups lack a pneumostome, having a much larger opening to the cavity. Since this opening is usually...
reddish-orange. Darker lateral bands are present. Dark pigment reaches under the pneumostome from back to front. The foot fringe is pale with thin lines. The sole...
it looks like other large slugs in the related genus Arion, with the pneumostome in the front part of the mantle; its coloration is olive-grey with bright...
brown bands on the dorsum and mantle, the right band passes above the pneumostome. The margin of the foot is reddish or yellowish with dark transverse...
head. Like other members of the family Arionidae, the black slug has a pneumostome (breathing hole) on the right side of its mantle through which it breathes...
shells. At first glance slugs appear externally symmetrical, but their pneumostome (breathing hole) is always on the right side. The origin of asymmetry...
caudal mucous pit is above the tip of the tail. The respiratory pore (pneumostome) is in front of the midpoint of the mantle. The body length is up to...
Like other limacids, these slugs are slim with a pointed tail, and the pneumostome lies is the posterior half of the mantle. The length is reportedly 20...
running from posterior end to frontal section of mantle, above the pneumostome. The shape of the slug is elongate, dorso-ventrally flattened (oval in...
that covers much of the top of the first third of the body, with its pneumostome located on the front right portion of the mantle. On the lower part of...
the entire body length, situated in the anterior part of the body. The pneumostome is clearly postmedial. The surface of the mantle in living slugs is covered...
Respiratory system of gastropods ctenidium (mollusc) cerata cnidosac pneumostome siphon (mollusc) circulatory system of gastropods excretory system of...
gland OE - oesophagus AN - anus I - intestine ST - stomach DG - digestive gland other organs: P - position of the pneumostome H - heart OT - ovotestis....
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