The plant defensin NaD1 with alpha helix in red, beta strands in blue, disulphide bonds in yellow (PDB: 1mr4)
Identifiers
Symbol
Plant defensin
Pfam
PF00304
Pfam clan
CL0054
InterPro
IPR008176
PROSITE
PDOC00725
SCOP2
1gps / SCOPe / SUPFAM
OPM superfamily
58
OPM protein
1jkz
CDD
cd00107
Available protein structures:
Pfam
structures / ECOD
PDB
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum
structure summary
Plant defensin
The plant defensin NaD1 with alpha helix in red, beta strands in blue, disulphide bonds in yellow (PDB: 1mr4)
Identifiers
Symbol
Plant defensin
Pfam
PF00304
Pfam clan
CL0054
InterPro
IPR008176
PROSITE
PDOC00725
SCOP2
1gps / SCOPe / SUPFAM
OPM superfamily
58
OPM protein
1jkz
CDD
cd00107
Available protein structures:
Pfam
structures / ECOD
PDB
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum
structure summary
Plant defensins (formerly gamma-thionins) are a family of primitive, highly stable, cysteine-rich defensins found in plants that function to defend them against pathogens and parasites.[1] Defensins are integral components of the innate immune system and belong to the ancient superfamily of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are also known as host defense peptides (HDPs),[2] and they are thought to have diverged about 1.4 billion years ago before the evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.[3][4] They are ubiquitous in almost all plant species, functionally diverse, and their primary structure varies significantly from one species to the next, except for a few cysteine residues, which stabilize the protein structure through disulfide bond formation.[1] Plant defensins usually have a net positive charge due to the abundance of cationic amino acids[5] and are generally divided into two classes. Those in the class II category contain a C-terminal pro-peptide domain of approximately 33 amino acids[5] and are targeted to the vacuole,[6] while the class I defensins lack this domain and mature in the cell wall. Unlike their class I counterparts, class II plant defensins are relatively smaller, and their acidic C-terminal prodomain is hypothesized to contribute to their vacuolar targeting.[7] The first plant defensins were discovered in barley and wheat in 1990 and were initially designated as γ-thionins.[8][9] In 1995, the name was changed to 'plant defensin' when it was identified that they are evolutionarily unrelated to other thionins and were more similar to defensins from insects and mammals.[10][11]
^ abParisi K, Shafee TM, Quimbar P, van der Weerden NL, Bleackley MR, Anderson MA (April 2019). "The evolution, function and mechanisms of action for plant defensins". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 88: 107–118. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.004. PMID 29432955. S2CID 3543741.
^Carvalho A, Gomes VM (December 2011). "Plant defensins and defensin-like peptides - biological activities and biotechnological applications". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 17 (38): 4270–4293. doi:10.2174/138161211798999447. PMID 22204427.
^Javaux EJ, Knoll AH, Walter MR (July 2001). "Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems". Nature. 412 (6842): 66–69. doi:10.1038/35083562. PMID 11452306. S2CID 205018792.
^ abTavares LS, Santos M, Viccini LF, Moreira JS, Miller RN, Franco OL (October 2008). "Biotechnological potential of antimicrobial peptides from flowers". Peptides. 29 (10): 1842–1851. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2008.06.003. PMID 18602431. S2CID 25750244.
^Lay FT, Poon S, McKenna JA, Connelly AA, Barbeta BL, McGinness BS, et al. (February 2014). "The C-terminal propeptide of a plant defensin confers cytoprotective and subcellular targeting functions". BMC Plant Biology. 14 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-14-41. PMC 3922462. PMID 24495600.
^Azmi S, Hussain MK (2021-01-14). "Analysis of structures, functions, and transgenicity of phytopeptides defensin and thionin: a review". Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 10 (1). doi:10.1186/s43088-020-00093-5. ISSN 2314-8543.
^Mendez E, Moreno A, Colilla F, Pelaez F, Limas GG, Mendez R, et al. (December 1990). "Primary structure and inhibition of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cell-free system of a novel thionin, gamma-hordothionin, from barley endosperm". European Journal of Biochemistry. 194 (2): 533–539. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15649.x. PMID 2176600.
^Colilla FJ, Rocher A, Mendez E (September 1990). "gamma-Purothionins: amino acid sequence of two polypeptides of a new family of thionins from wheat endosperm". FEBS Letters. 270 (1–2): 191–194. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(90)81265-p. PMID 2226781. S2CID 9260786.
^Broekaert WF, Terras FR, Cammue BP, Osborn RW (August 1995). "Plant defensins: novel antimicrobial peptides as components of the host defense system". Plant Physiology. 108 (4): 1353–1358. doi:10.1104/pp.108.4.1353. PMC 157512. PMID 7659744.
^Terras FR, Eggermont K, Kovaleva V, Raikhel NV, Osborn RW, Kester A, et al. (May 1995). "Small cysteine-rich antifungal proteins from radish: their role in host defense". The Plant Cell. 7 (5): 573–588. doi:10.1105/tpc.7.5.573. PMC 160805. PMID 7780308.
Plantdefensins (formerly gamma-thionins) are a family of primitive, highly stable, cysteine-rich defensins found in plants that function to defend them...
Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins across cellular life, including vertebrate and invertebrate animals, plants, and fungi. They are host...
Beta defensins are a family of vertebrate defensins. The beta defensins are antimicrobial peptides implicated in the resistance of epithelial surfaces...
also found in Drosophila defensin, and some plantdefensins. Drosomycin has greater sequence similarity with these plantdefensins (up to 40%), than with...
Arthropod defensins are a family defensin proteins found in mollusks, insects, and arachnids. These cysteine-rich antibacterial peptides are primarily...
the family of plantdefensins rupture membranes by identifying key phospholipids in the cell membranes of the pathogen. Human defensins have been thought...
similar structure but are an unrelated class of protein, now called plantdefensins. The proteins are toxic to animal cells, presumably attacking the cell...
phytoalexins such as genistein or camalexin Antimicrobial proteins such as defensins, thionins, or PR-1 Antimicrobial enzymes such as chitinases, beta-glucanases...
LW, Yang D (November 2003). "Roles of antimicrobial peptides such as defensins in innate and adaptive immunity". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 62...
immunity. Several species of insect produce antimicrobial peptides known as defensins and cecropins. In invertebrates, PRRs trigger proteolytic cascades that...
the major allergen of mugwort pollen, is a modular glycoprotein with a defensin-like and a hydroxyproline-rich domain". The FASEB Journal. 17 (1): 106–8...
consumed by the apes and the natives for a long time. The berries of the plant were incredibly sweet African locals call them "j'oublie" (French for "I...
downregulate antimicrobial peptides on the skin like cathelicidin LL-37, human β-defensin 2 and 3. Xylene and formaldehyde worsen allergic inflammation in animal...
makes it easy to overlook. Defensins are antibiotics made from peptides and are typically found in animals and higher plants. Plectasin, found in P. nigrella...
It was discovered that a gene mutation responsible for the protein beta-defensin 3, known as the K locus, is responsible for the black coat colour in dogs...
expression of PDF1.2a and PDF1.2b to reduce that of antimicrobial protein defensins. Furthermore, BES1 interacts with the transcription factors MYBs and reduces...
Ustilago esculenta stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 841: II International Symposium on Human Health...
signaling functions. Magainin family Cecropin family Cathelicidin family Defensin family Substance P Kassinin Neurokinin A Eledoisin Neurokinin B VIP (Vasoactive...
Song 2006 also found an inhibitor of κB (IκB).: 51 AiBD is the first big defensin cloned from this scallop.: 54–55 The gene is 531 nucleotides and the polypeptide...
In 2017, researchers genetically modified a virus to express spinach defensin proteins. The virus was injected into orange trees to combat citrus greening...
the lungs. These include secretory immunoglobulins (IgA), collectins, defensins and other peptides and proteases, reactive oxygen species, and reactive...
(NCR peptides). NCRs are antimicrobial peptides that are similar to the defensin peptides used in mammals in response to invading pathogens. The NCRs are...
Ustilago esculenta stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 841: II International Symposium on Human Health...
use include methylglyoxal, hydrogen peroxide, and royalisin (also called defensin-1). For chronic and acute coughs, a Cochrane review found no strong evidence...
ancient plants and animals and remain in their modern descendants. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the...
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