Electric charge generated in certain solids due to mechanical stress
Piezoelectric balance presented by Pierre Curie to Lord Kelvin, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow
Piezoelectricity (/ˌpiːzoʊ-,ˌpiːtsoʊ-,paɪˌiːzoʊ-/, US: /piˌeɪzoʊ-,piˌeɪtsoʊ-/)[1] is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials—such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA, and various proteins—in response to applied mechanical stress.[2] The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat. It is derived from Ancient Greek πιέζω (piézō) 'to squeeze or press', and ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron) 'amber' (an ancient source of static electricity).[3][4] The German form of the word (Piezoelektricität) was coined in 1881 by the German physicist Wilhelm Gottlieb Hankel; the English word was coined in 1883.[5][6]
The piezoelectric effect results from the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and electrical states in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry.[7] The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process: materials exhibiting the piezoelectric effect also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect, the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electric field. For example, lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an external electric field is applied. The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in the production of ultrasound waves.[8]
French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered piezoelectricity in 1880.[9] The piezoelectric effect has been exploited in many useful applications, including the production and detection of sound, piezoelectric inkjet printing, generation of high voltage electricity, as a clock generator in electronic devices, in microbalances, to drive an ultrasonic nozzle, and in ultrafine focusing of optical assemblies. It forms the basis for scanning probe microscopes that resolve images at the scale of atoms. It is used in the pickups of some electronically amplified guitars and as triggers in most modern electronic drums.[10][11] The piezoelectric effect also finds everyday uses, such as generating sparks to ignite gas cooking and heating devices, torches, and cigarette lighters.
^Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
^Holler, F. James; Skoog, Douglas A. & Crouch, Stanley R. (2007). Principles of Instrumental Analysis (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-495-01201-6.
^Hankel, W. G. (1881). "Elektrische Untersuchungen. Fünfzehnte Abhandlung. Über die aktino- und piezoelektrischen Eigenschaften des Bergkrystalles und ihre Beziehung zu den thermoelektrischen" [Electrical researches. Fifteenth treatise. On the radiative- and piezoelectric properties of rock crystal [i.e., quartz] and their relation to the thermoelectric [ones].]. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physischen Klasse der Königlichen-Säschsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (in German). 12: 459–547. From p. 462: "Da die durch Druck erzeugte Elektricität sonach auch besonderen Gesetzen unterliegt, so wird es angemessen sein, derselben gleichfalls einen besonderen Namen beizulegen, und es dürfte sich dazu die Bezeichnung Piezoelektricität eignen." (Since the electricity [which is] generated by pressure is therefore also subject to special laws, then it will likewise be appropriate to give it a special name, and for this, the designation "piezoelectricity" might be suitable.)
The above article was also published separately as a pamphlet: Hankel, W. G. (1881). Elektrische Untersuchungen. Fünfzehnte Abhandlung. Über die aktino- und piezoelektrischen Eigenschaften des Bergkrystalles und ihre Beziehung zu den thermoelektrischen (in German). Leipzig, Germany: S. Hirzel. See p. 462.
^Gautschi, G. (2002). Piezoelectric Sensorics: Force, Strain, Pressure, Acceleration and Acoustic Emission Sensors, Materials and Amplifiers. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04732-3. ISBN 978-3-662-04732-3.
^Krautkrämer, J. & Krautkrämer, H. (1990). Ultrasonic Testing of Materials. Springer. pp. 119–49. ISBN 978-3-662-10680-8.
^Manbachi, A. & Cobbold, R.S.C. (2011). "Development and Application of Piezoelectric Materials for Ultrasound Generation and Detection". Ultrasound. 19 (4): 187–96. doi:10.1258/ult.2011.011027. S2CID 56655834.
^Dempsey, Joe (June 24, 2020). "How Do Electronic Drums Work?". Studio D. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
^Taylor, C. (October 31, 2011). "Piezo Drum Kit Quickstart Guide". SparkFun Electronics. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
Piezoelectricity (/ˌpiːzoʊ-, ˌpiːtsoʊ-, paɪˌiːzoʊ-/, US: /piˌeɪzoʊ-, piˌeɪtsoʊ-/) is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials—such...
favored in the application. Charge amplifier List of sensors PiezoelectricityPiezoelectric speaker Piezoresistive effect Ultrasonic homogenizer Ultrasonic...
stress. In general, piezoelectricity is described by a tensor of coefficients d i j {\displaystyle d_{ij}} ; see Piezoelectricity § Mechanism for further...
A piezoelectric speaker (also known as a piezo bender due to its mode of operation, and sometimes colloquially called a "piezo", buzzer, crystal loudspeaker...
A piezoelectric resonator is an electronic component designed for electronic oscillators and filters. Piezoelectric resonators are: crystal resonators...
upon piezoelectricity are constructed with two piezoelectric transducers. The unit consists of a hollow tube that is sealed by a piezoelectric transducer...
precise incisions. In 2020 an article on the topic of piezoelectricity have named piezoelectric surgery as one of the most important applications of this...
1800doorbell.com. Retrieved 2015-07-12. "Piezo Systems: History of Piezoelectricity". www.piezo.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-11. Retrieved...
homogenizer attocube rotator ANR101 Rupitsch, Stefan Johann (2019), "Piezoelectricity", Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators, Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials...
Amplified piezoelectric actuators are specific actuators using piezoelectric materials as active material and have a specific design to overcome traditional...
monopotassium phosphate were the first materials discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity. This property led to its extensive use in crystal phonograph cartridges...
layers. In contrast, a piezoelectric unimorph has only one active (i.e. piezoelectric) layer and one passive (i.e. non-piezoelectric) layer. The term bimorph...
Piezotronics effect is using the piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) created in materials with piezoelectricity as a “gate” voltage to tune/control...
Piezotronics Piezoelectricity Light-emitting diode Wurtzite crystal structure Migliorato, Max; et al. (2014). "A Review of Non Linear Piezoelectricity in Semiconductors"...
incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators. However, other piezoelectricity materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used in similar circuits...
An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can increase the magnitude of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current)...
1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity, and radioactivity. In 1903, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics...
gas grills and some lighters. Piezo ignition uses the principle of piezoelectricity, which, in short, is the electric charge that accumulates in some materials...
differences in physical force to generate voltage Piezoelectric speaker, a type of small loudspeaker Piezoelectricity, electrical charge built up in response to...
symmetry considerations to be also piezoelectric and pyroelectric. The combined properties of memory, piezoelectricity, and pyroelectricity make ferroelectric...
suggested the use of piezoelectricity, and Rutherford successfully developed a device which measured its output. The use of piezoelectricity then became essential...
synthetic. An early use of the piezoelectricity of quartz crystals was in phonograph pickups. One of the most common piezoelectric uses of quartz today is as...
strain gradient. Flexoelectricity is closely related to piezoelectricity, but while piezoelectricity refers to polarization due to uniform strain, flexoelectricity...
structure. Another hypothesis explains Hessdalen lights as a product of piezoelectricity generated under specific rock strains, because many crystal rocks in...
A radioisotope piezoelectric generator (RPG) is a type of radioisotope generator that converts energy stored in radioactive materials into motion, which...
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