Fast, high sensitivity, low noise electronic photon detector
Photomultiplier
Photomultiplier tubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short) are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are members of the class of vacuum tubes, more specifically vacuum phototubes. These detectors multiply the current produced by incident light by as much as 100 million times or 108 (i.e., 160 dB),[1] in multiple dynode stages, enabling (for example) individual photons to be detected when the incident flux of light is low.
Dynodes inside a photomultiplier tube
The combination of high gain, low noise, high frequency response or, equivalently, ultra-fast response, and large area of collection has maintained photomultipliers an essential place in low light level spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear and particle physics, astronomy, medical diagnostics including blood tests, medical imaging, motion picture film scanning (telecine), radar jamming, and high-end image scanners known as drum scanners. Elements of photomultiplier technology, when integrated differently, are the basis of night vision devices. Research that analyzes light scattering, such as the study of polymers in solution, often uses a laser and a PMT to collect the scattered light data.
Semiconductor devices, particularly silicon photomultipliers and avalanche photodiodes, are alternatives to classical photomultipliers; however, photomultipliers are uniquely well-suited for applications requiring low-noise, high-sensitivity detection of light that is imperfectly collimated.
^Decibels are power ratios. Power is proportional to I2 (current squared). Thus a current gain of 108 produces a power gain of 1016, or 160 dB
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Photomultipliertubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short) are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges...
A photomultiplier is a device that converts incident photons into an electrical signal. Kinds of photomultiplier include: Photomultipliertube, a vacuum...
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electron microscopy, and in electron beam lithography); X-ray tubes; phototubes and photomultipliers (which rely on electron flow through a vacuum where electron...
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earlier and still used for the highest possible image quality, use a photomultipliertube (PMT) as the image sensor. A rotary scanner, used for high-speed...
{\displaystyle \omega } 12 which can be collected by a camera and/or photomultipliertube. State | 3 ⟩ {\displaystyle |3\rangle } has a relatively long lifetime...
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ancestor of the magnetron, which used a single dynode. Photomultiplier and video camera tubes generally include a series of dynodes, each at a more positive...
the light intensity is detected by a sensitive detector, usually a photomultipliertube (PMT) or avalanche photodiode, transforming the light signal into...
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light will occur. The photons are detected using a photomultipliertube. The signal from the tube is then used to calculate the dose that the material...
component wavelengths by a monochromator and is then detected with a photomultipliertube. By scanning the microscope's beam in an X-Y pattern and measuring...
the emitted light, increasing the potential for light to reach the photomultipliertube. Accelerator mass spectrometry Counting efficiency Möbius, Siegurd;...
which is collected or recorded in the ray sensitive photomultipliertube. The photomultipliertube converts all the incident photons (i.e. light) to electronic...
passed through a filter or a monochromator before being detected by a photomultipliertube, photodiode, or charge-coupled device detector. The signal can either...
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Observatory. AMANDA consists of optical modules, each containing one photomultipliertube, sunk in Antarctic ice cap at a depth of about 1500 to 1900 metres...
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