This article is about the photographic technique. For the magazine, see The Photogram (magazine).
A photogram of a number of photography-related objectsPhotogram with soil and plants.
A photogram is a photographic image made without a camera by placing objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material such as photographic paper and then exposing it to light.
The usual result is a negative shadow image that shows variations in tone that depends upon the transparency of the objects used. Areas of the paper that have received no light appear white; those exposed for a shorter time or through transparent or semi-transparent objects appear grey,[1] while fully-exposed areas are black in the final print.
The technique is sometimes called cameraless photography.[2][3][4] It was used by Man Ray in his rayographs. Other artists who have experimented with the technique include László Moholy-Nagy, Christian Schad (who called them "Schadographs"), Imogen Cunningham and Pablo Picasso.[5]
Variations of the technique have also been used for scientific purposes, in shadowgraph studies of flow in transparent media and in high-speed Schlieren photography, and in the medical X-ray.
The term photogram comes from the combining form phōtō- (φωτω-) of Ancient Greek phôs (φῶς, "light"), and Ancient Greek suffix -gramma (-γραμμα), from grámma (γράμμα, "written character, letter, that which is drawn"), from gráphō (γράφω, "to scratch, to scrape, to graze").
^Langford, Michael (1999). Basic Photography (7th ed.). Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51592-7.
^Batchen, Geoffrey (2016), Batchen, Geoffrey (ed.), Emanations : the art of the cameraless photograph, DelMonico Books, ISBN 978-3-7913-6646-3
^Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Barnes, Martin (2018), Cameraless photography, Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-48036-6
^According to Alexandra Matzner in Christian Schad 1895-1982 Retrospectief issued by the Gemeentemuseum Den Haag (2009), ISBN 978-3-87909-974-0, p. 216, Schad was the first artist to use the photogram technique, developed by William Henry Fox Talbot. The photogram was applied by Man Ray, Moholy-Nagy and Chargesheimer after its introduction by Christian Schad, according to the author. However, this is not substantiated through further reference by Matzner. The Dutch catalogue was also issued in German by the Leopold Museum in Vienna (2008).
A photogram is a photographic image made without a camera by placing objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material such as photographic...
The Photogram (1894–1920) was a photography magazine published in the United Kingdom with an edition printed in America. The two founders of The Photogram...
camera images in permanent form. His experiments did produce detailed photograms, but Wedgwood and his associate Humphry Davy found no way to fix these...
interests in botany by collecting dried plants, which were probably used as photograms later. She was elected a member of the London Botanical Society in 1839...
preparation, and a level of toxicity. The simplest kind of cyanotype print is a photogram, made by arranging objects on sensitised paper. Fresh or pressed plants...
fashion and portrait photographer. He is also noted for his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" in reference to himself. During his career...
variation on the photogram, made in the darkroom directly on photosensitive paper and chemically developed and fixed normally. While the photogram employs the...
name for an inkjet print on traditionally thicker support structure. Photogram: These use light-sensitive photographic paper directly (without any camera...
expensive photographs List of photographs considered the most important Photogram Pseudo-photograph Slide show "Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from...
Bergner (1853–1923) was an American photographer. Bergner is known for her photograms of leaves and botanical subjects, created in the 1870s. Her work is included...
Photobatik is one of Photogram techniques produced by a Japanese artist Yoshio Machida in the 1990s. Photograms are produced by partial exposure and development...
Pope Leo XIII issued the apostolic constitution Orientalium dignitas. Photogram of the 1896 film Sua Santità papa Leone XIII, the first time a Pope appeared...
charges rather than photographic medium, hence the term electrophotography. Photograms are images produced by the shadows of objects cast on the photographic...
Francisco, California. She is known for her camera-less photography, photograms and inventive techniques using light sensitive material. Her work is included...
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