Agreement between the East India Company and landlords of Bengal
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The Permanent Settlement, also known as the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, was an agreement between the East India Company and landlords of Bengal to fix revenues to be raised from land that had far-reaching consequences for both agricultural methods and productivity in the entire British Empire and the political realities of the Indian countryside. It was concluded in 1793 by the Company administration headed by Charles, Earl Cornwallis.[1] It formed one part of a larger body of legislation, known as the Cornwallis Code. The Cornwallis Code of 1793 divided the East India Company's service personnel into three branches: revenue, judicial, and commercial. Revenues were collected by zamindars, native Indians who were treated as landowners. This division created an Indian landed class that supported British authority.[1]
The Permanent Settlement was introduced first in Bengal and Bihar and later in Varanasi and also the south district of Madras. The system eventually spread all over northern India by a series of regulations dated 1 May 1793. These regulations remained in place until the Charter Act of 1833.[1] The other two systems prevalent in India were the Ryotwari System and the Mahalwari System.
Many argue that the settlement and its outcome had several shortcomings when compared with its initial goals of increasing tax revenue, creating a Western-European style land market in Bengal, and encouraging investment in land and agriculture, thereby creating the conditions for long-term economic growth for both the company and region's inhabitants. Firstly, the policy of fixing the rate of expected tax revenue for the foreseeable future meant that the income of the company from taxation actually decreased in the long-term because revenues remained fixed while expenses increased over time. Meanwhile, the condition of the Bengali peasantry became increasingly pitiable, with famines becoming a regular occurrence as landlords (who risked immediate loss of their land if they failed to deliver the expected amount from taxation) sought to guarantee revenue by coercing the local agriculturalists to cultivate cash crops such as cotton, indigo, and jute, while long-term private investment by the zamindars in agricultural infrastructure failed to materialise.
^ abc"Cornwallis Code". Encyclopedia Britannica. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
and 24 Related for: Permanent Settlement information
The PermanentSettlement, also known as the PermanentSettlement of Bengal, was an agreement between the East India Company and landlords of Bengal to...
all of the northernmost settlements on Earth, which are all south of latitude 90° N. There are no permanent civilian settlements north of 79° N, the furthest...
closed ecological systems, its particular purpose is permanent habitation. No space settlement has been constructed yet, but many design concepts, with...
Settlement permit for Indefinite Leave to Remain. In the United States, permanent residents are issued a photo ID card which is known as a Permanent Resident...
human settlement: Populated place − place or geographic area with clustered or scattered buildings and a permanent human population (city, settlement, town...
the permanentsettlement of land revenues in the presidency, the first socio-economic regulation in colonial India. By the terms of the settlement rajas...
payment of a fixed land tax. This piece of legislation is known as the PermanentSettlement of the Land Revenue. It was designed to "introduce" ideas of property...
ancient Egyptian towns and cities. The list is for sites intended for permanentsettlement and does not include fortresses and other locations of intermittent...
lack of water, and cold temperatures. Commitments to researching permanentsettlement have been made by public space agencies—NASA, ESA, Roscosmos, ISRO...
landlords (Greater Punjab) by caste. During the colonial era, the PermanentSettlement consolidated what became known as the zamindari system. The British...
throughout the 20th century many previously nomadic tribes turned to permanentsettlement. It was a process initiated by local governments, and it was mainly...
parts of Central India and Punjab. The other two systems were the PermanentSettlement in Bengal in 1793 and the Ryotwari system in 1820. It covered the...
Eriksson's route to Vinland in a short-lived attempt to establish a permanentsettlement there with his wife Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir and their followers...
Palestinian Authority (PA), but the Palestinian Legislative Council) and a permanentsettlement of unresolved issues within five years, based on Security Council...
(1492–1493), as well as the first settlement and proper town, La Isabela (1493–1500), and the first permanentsettlement, the current capital of the Dominican...
heavy snowfall that falls occasionally in winter). Sonamarg has no permanentsettlement and is inaccessible during winter due to heavy snowfall and avalanches...
'Allon-Plus' Final Status Map"[permanent dead link]. Settlement Report, Vol. 7 No. 4, July–August 1997. On [3] "Comprehensive Settlement Population 1972–2010"...
Burghers to the Dutch Cape Colony is regarded as the beginning of a permanentsettlement of Europeans in South Africa. The Free Burgher population eventually...
hypothesised modern human presence (or "settlement", although Paleolithic humans were not sedentary). Human "settlement" does not necessarily have to be continuous;...
Ifrane is also a popular altitude training destination. The first permanentsettlement of the area dates to the 16th century, when the Sharif Sîdî 'Abd...
by year of settlement. The article also contains information on permanentsettlements established in Australia before British settlement commenced in...
the Novgorodian lands. The Novgorodians, however, established no permanentsettlements until the 15th century. The Soviet period (1917–1991) saw a rapid...
to Stay missions are advocated both to reduce cost and to ensure permanentsettlement of Mars. Among many notable Mars to Stay advocates, former Apollo...
erstwhile Princely State of Vizianagaram to a Zamindari and made permanentsettlement with them in 1802. From then the powers of old Zamindars were limited...