Permaculture is an approach to land management and settlement design that adopts arrangements observed in flourishing natural ecosystems. It includes a set of design principles derived using whole-systems thinking. It applies these principles in fields such as regenerative agriculture, town planning, rewilding, and community resilience. The term was coined in 1978 by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren, who formulated the concept in opposition to modern industrialized methods, instead adopting a more traditional or "natural" approach to agriculture.[1][2][3]
Permaculture has been criticised as being poorly defined and unscientific.[4] Critics have pushed for less reliance on anecdote and extrapolation from ecological first principles, in favor of peer-reviewed research to substantiate productivity claims and to clarify methodology. Peter Harper from the Centre for Alternative Technology suggests that most of what passes for permaculture has no relevance to real problems.[5] Defenders of permaculture reply that it lacks the resources of industrial agriculture, but that there is reliable evidence for each of Holmgren's principles.
^Birnbaum Fox, Juliana (9 June 2010). "Indigenous Science". Cultural Survival Quarterly. 33 (1) – via Indiana University. Bill Mollison, often called the 'father of permaculture,' worked with indigenous people in his native Tasmania and worldwide, and credits them with inspiring his work. "I believe that unless we adopt sophisticated aboriginal belief systems and learn respect for all life, then we lose our own," he wrote in the seminal Permaculture: A Designers' Manual.
^Holmgren, David (2007). "Essence of Permaculture" (PDF). Permaculture: Principles & Pathways Beyond Sustainability: 7. This focus in permaculture on learning from indigenous, tribal and cultures of place is based on the evidence that these cultures have existed in relative balance with their environment, and survived for longer than any of our more recent experiments in civilisation.
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Permaculture is an approach to land management and settlement design that adopts arrangements observed in flourishing natural ecosystems. It includes a...
Award "for developing and promoting the theory and practice of permaculture". Permaculture (from "permanent agriculture") is an integrated system of ecological...
British-born Australian permaculture consultant, designer, teacher and speaker. Since 1995 he has specialized in permaculture education, design, implementation...
educator and writer. He is best known as one of the co-originators of the permaculture concept with Bill Mollison. Holmgren was born in Fremantle, Western Australia...
term permaculture, visited Hart at his forest garden in October 1990.: 149 Hart's seven-layer system has since been adopted as a common permaculture design...
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tractors. Chickens as pets Permaculture Lee, Andy; Pat Foreman; Patricia Foreman (2004). Chicken Tractor: The Permaculture Guide to Happy Hens and Healthy...
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Climate Foundation and permaculture experts claimed that offshore seaweed ecosystems can be cultivated according to permaculture principles, constituting...
Vegan organic (or veganic) agriculture is the organic production of food and other crops with minimal animal inputs. Vegan organic agriculture is the organic...
is an Australian permaculture figure founder of Permaculture College Australia. Having worked in Permaculture since 1983 permaculture throughout Australia...
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design paradigm encourages designers to use systems thinking, applied permaculture design principles, and community development processes to design human...
Permaculture Action Network is an organization that mobilizes concert-goers and festival-attendees to come out to "Permaculture Action Days," one day...
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the $266 per year Student Activities Fee. UMass permaculture is one of the first university permaculture initiatives in the nation and transforms marginalized...
fruit trees. As of 2010[update], he was still conducting permaculture ("Holzer Permaculture") seminars both at his Krameterhof farm and worldwide, while...
Präsentation auf der International Permaculture London 2015 Analysis of the First International Permaculture Research Survey Permaculture Association Fern, Ken. Plants...
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January 2018. School of Permaculture online School of Permaculture on YouTube Archive of articles authored by Burtner from PermacultureNews.org Personal background...
The Essential Guide to Hazel. By Paul Alfrey - Balkan Ecology Project. Permaculture Magazine, Tuesday, 8 August 2017. Accessed 2 March 2021. Huxley, A.,...