Global InformationPapua conflict information
| Papua conflict | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of West New Guinea dispute and the Terrorism in Indonesia | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Indonesia |
 Free Papua Movement | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
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Autonomous units
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| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | 500–600 (2023 estimate)[8][9] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
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72 soldiers (mostly non-combat) and 34 policemen killed Total: 106 security forces killed (2010 – March 2022)[10] | at least 38 killed (2010 – March 2022)[10] | ||||||
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320 civilians killed (2010 – March 2022)[10] Estimates vary between 100,000[11] to 500,000 deaths[12] | |||||||
The Papua conflict (Indonesian: Konflik Papua) is an ongoing conflict in Western New Guinea (Papua) between Indonesia and the Free Papua Movement (Indonesian: Organisasi Papua Merdeka, OPM). Subsequent to the withdrawal of the Dutch administration from the Netherlands New Guinea in 1962[13] and implementation of Indonesian administration in 1963,[14] the Free Papua Movement has conducted a low-intensity guerrilla war against Indonesia through the targeting of its military, police,[15] as well as civilian populations.[16]
Papuan separatists have conducted protests and ceremonies, raising their flag for independence or calling for federation with Papua New Guinea,[15] and accuse the Indonesian government of indiscriminate violence and of suppressing their freedom of expression. Indonesia has also been accused of conducting a genocidal campaign[17] against the indigenous inhabitants. In a 2007 book, author De R. G. Crocombe wrote that an estimated 100,000 to 300,000 Papuans had been killed by Indonesian security forces,[11] and many women raped or subjected to other sexual violence.[18] Research on violence toward Papuan women[Note 1] by the Papuan Women's Working Group, together with the Asia Justice Rights (AJAR), found that 64 out of 170 (or 4 out of 10) Papuan women surveyed in 2013, 2017 experienced some form of state violence.[19] A more recent study in 2019 found that 65 out of 249 Papuan women shared such experiences.[Note 2][20][21] The UN has called for "urgent and unrestricted humanitarian aid to the region" in 2022, speaking of "shocking abuses" against local populations listing "child killings, disappearances, torture and mass population displacement."[22]
Indonesian governance in the region has been compared to that of a police state, involving the suppression of free political association and expression,[23] although others have noted conflicts in Papua are instead caused by the near or total absence of state involvement in some areas.[24]
The Indonesian authorities continue to restrict foreign access to the region due to what they officially claim to be "safety and security concerns".[25] Some organizations have called for a peacekeeping mission in the area.[26][27]
- ^ The current status of the Papuan pro-independence movement (PDF) (Report). IPAC Report. Jakarta: Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict. 24 August 2015. OCLC 974913162. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
- ^ "38 Year TPN-OPM No Unity and Struggle After the Reformation" (PDF). National Liberation Army of West Papua (TPNPB). 9 June 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
- ^ Maran, Major Arm Fence D (2008). Anatomy of Separatists (PDF) (Report). Indonesian intelligence. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- ^ "Bantu KKB Papua, Batalion Relawan PNG Nyatakan Perang Lawan Indonesia". Manado Post. 10 May 2021. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "West Papua liberation movement announces provisional govt". RNZ. 3 December 2020. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- ^ Nedabang, Alfons (4 January 2023). "KKB Papua – Juru Bicara TPNPB Sebby Sambom: Kami Tidak Akui Benny Wenda dan Damianus Yogi" [KKB Papua – TPNPB Spokesman Sebby Sambom: We Don't Recognize Benny Wenda and Damianus Yogi]. Pos Kupang (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2023.
- ^ "13 years of Indonesian harassment, but KNPB's 'spirit remains unbroken'". Asia Pacific Report. 21 November 2022. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- ^ https://kutai.inews.id/amp/247992/kkb-papua-susun-kekuatan-jumlah-anggota-diperkirakan-500-orang
- ^ https://cenderawasihpos.jawapos.com/berita-utama/20/05/2023/anggota-kkb-diperkirakan-berjumlah-600-orang/amp/
- ^ a b c Pahlevi, Reza (16 June 2022). "Kekerasan di Papua Telan Ratusan Korban Jiwa, Mayoritas Warga Sipil" [Violence in Papua claims hundreds of lives, most of them civilians]. Databoks. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ a b Crocombe, R. G. (2007). Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West. Suva, Fiji: IPS Publications, University of the South Pacific. p. 287. ISBN 9789820203884. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ Jacob, Frank (5 August 2019). Genocide and Mass Violence in Asia: An Introductory Reader. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 161. ISBN 978-3-11-065905-4.
- ^ "Papua als Teil Indonesiens". Indonesia-portal. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ^ United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in West Irian (UNTEA) (1962–1963) (PDF) (Report). United Nations Archives and Records Management Section. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
In 1963 Dutch New Guinea became Irian Barat, which in 1973 changed its name to Irian Jaya and is currently administered by Indonesia.
- ^ a b Pike, John (17 April 2009). "Free Papua Movement". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ "Papuan 'separatists' vs Jihadi 'terrorists': Indonesian policy dilemmas". Crisis Group. 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ Brundige, Elizabeth; King, Winter; Vahali, Priyneha; Vladeck, Stephen; Yuan, Xiang (April 2004). "Indonesian Human Rights Abuses in West Papua: Application of the Law of Genocide to the History of Indonesian Control" (PDF). Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic, Yale Law School. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2019.
- ^ Crocombe 2007, p. 289.
- ^ Congressional Record, V. 151, Pt. 12, July 14 to July 22, 2005. Government Printing Office. 30 December 2009. p. 2. ISBN 9780160848032. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ^ "Sa Ada Di Sini: Suara Perempuan Papua Menghadapi Kekerasan yang Tak Kunjung Usai" (PDF). Asia Justice and Rights. 3 April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ "4 out of 10 West Papuan women found to have been subjected to Indonesian state violence". 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Indonesia: Shocking abuses against indigenous Papuans, rights experts report | UN News". news.un.org. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Protest and punishment : political prisoners in Papua : Indonesia" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 10 (4(C)). New York. 2007. OCLC 488476678. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ Anderson, Bobby (2015). Papua's insecurity : state failure in the Indonesian periphery. Honolulu, Hawai'i: East-West Center. ISBN 978-0-86638-265-6. OCLC 923796817.
- ^ "Indonesia Limits Access for Foreigners to Papua and West Papua". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
- ^ "Pacific: Church group proposes regional peacekeeping mission to West Papua". ABC Radio Australia. 4 September 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
- ^ "Uprising in West Papua, as Calls for Independence Grow". Sydney Criminal Lawyers. 4 September 2019. Archived from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
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