Pope Pius IX (1846–1878), during whose papacy the doctrine of papal infallibility was dogmatically defined by the First Vatican Council
Papal primacy, supremacy and infallibility
Overview
Primacy of Peter & Papal primacy
Papal supremacy
Papal infallibility
First Vatican Council § Papal infallibility
Patriarchs compared to popes
Papal primacy
Episcopal see § Catholic Church
Apiarius of Sicca § Appeal to the bishop of Rome
Pentarchy § After the East–West Schism
Pope John XIX § Life
Gregory II Youssef § First Vatican Council
Ravenna Document
Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy
Ecumenical councils compared to popes
Conciliarity
Conciliarism § Modern conciliarism
Ecumenical council § Acceptance of the councils
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation § The Third Wall: Authority to Call a Council
Ultrajectines
Catholic episcopal councils compared to popes
Febronianism
Christus Dominus § Controversy
The Ratzinger Report
Political rulers compared to popes
Gallicanism
Patronato real
Josephinism
Febronianism
Cisalpinism
Appointment of Catholic bishops § Centralization of papal power
Concordat § List
Papal deposing power
Existing dogma compared to popes
Development of doctrine
Cum ex apostolatus officio
Pascendi Dominici gregis
Objections and controversy
Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church § Papal authority
Ignaz von Döllinger § Papal authority
Ultramontanism § Position of other apostolic churches
Papal infallibility § Objections
Old Catholic Church § First Vatican Council, Old Catholic Union of Utrecht
Sedevacantism
Josip Juraj Strossmayer § Catholic diplomacy
Ultrajectine
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Papal infallibility is a dogma of the Catholic Church which states that, in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Peter, the Pope when he speaks ex cathedra is preserved from the possibility of error on doctrine "initially given to the apostolic Church and handed down in Scripture and tradition".[1] It does not mean that the pope cannot sin or otherwise err in some capacity, though he is prevented by the assistance of the Holy Spirit from issuing heretical teaching even in his non-infallible Magisterium, as a corollary of indefectibility.[2] This doctrine, defined dogmatically at the First Vatican Council of 1869–1870 in the document Pastor aeternus, is claimed to have existed in medieval theology and to have been the majority opinion at the time of the Counter-Reformation.[3]
The doctrine of infallibility relies on one of the cornerstones of Catholic dogma, that of papal supremacy, whereby the authority of the pope is the ruling agent as to what are accepted as formal beliefs in the Catholic Church.[4] The use of this power is referred to as speaking ex cathedra.[5] "Any doctrine 'of faith or morals' issued by the pope in his capacity as successor to St. Peter, speaking as pastor and teacher of the Church Universal [Ecclesia Catholica], from the seat of his episcopal authority in Rome, and meant to be believed 'by the universal church,' has the special status of an ex cathedra statement. Vatican Council I in 1870 declared that any such ex cathedra doctrines have the character of infallibility (session 4, Constitution on the Church 4)."[6]
^"Theological Studies – A journal of academic theology" (PDF). Ts.mu.edu. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^Engber, Daniel (18 September 2006). "How infallible is the pope?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
^Brian Gogan (1982). The Common Corps of Christendom: Ecclesiological Themes in the Writings of Sir Thomas More. BRILL. p. 33. ISBN 9004065083. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^Erwin Fahlbusch et al. The encyclopedia of Christianity Eradman Books ISBN 0-8028-2416-1
^Wilhelm, Joseph and Thomas Scannell. Manual of Catholic Theology. Volume 1, Part 1. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd. 1906. pp. 94–100
^Encyclopedia of Catholicism by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton 207 ISBN 0-8160-5455-X p. 267
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