In the history of Germany, the Kulturkampf (Cultural Struggle) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the Catholic Church in Germany, led by Pope Pius IX, and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by chancellor Otto von Bismarck. The Prussian church-and-state political conflict was about the Church's direct control over both education and ecclesiastical appointments in the Prussian kingdom as a Roman Catholic nation and country. Moreover, when compared to other church-and-state conflicts about political culture, the German Kulturkampf of Prussia also featured anti-Polish bigotry fueled by "racist anxieties" in Germany "about the Polish portions of the Prussian East."[1]
In modern political usage, the German term Kulturkampf describes any conflict (political, ideological, social) between the secular government and the religious authorities of a society. The term also describes the great and small culture wars among political factions who hold deeply opposing values and beliefs within a nation, a community, and a cultural group.[2]
^Helmut Walser Smith, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History (2011), p. 360
^"Kulturkampf – Definition, meaning & more". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
In the history of Germany, the Kulturkampf (Cultural Struggle) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the Catholic Church in Germany...
anti-tariff, anti-Catholic Liberals and fought the Catholic Church in the Kulturkampf ("culture struggle"). This failed, as the Catholics responded by forming...
political scene in the late 19th century. German Chancellor Bismarck's Kulturkampf ("Battle for Culture") of 1871–78 saw an attempt to assert a Protestant...
but in time grew more conservative. Broad reforms, the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf and systematic repression of Polish people marked his period in the office...
cleavage in a multicultural society. In the history of Germany, the Kulturkampf (Cultural Struggle) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878)...
Richard, ed. (2009). Confronting the Nazi War on Christianity: The Kulturkampf Newsletters, 1936–1939. Bern: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03911-904-2. Butler...
would not tolerate any base of power outside Germany and launched the Kulturkampf ("culture war") against the power of the pope and the Catholic Church...
Sociological Quarterly 31.3 (1990): 475–484. John D. Buenker, "An American kulturkampf: The birth pangs of cultural pluralism." Urban Liberalism and Progressive...
Virchow supported Bismarck in his anti-Catholic campaigns, which he named Kulturkampf ("culture struggle"). A prolific writer, he produced more than 2000 scientific...
the First Vatican Council, and in Germany would lead directly to the Kulturkampf. Christian commitment in Europe dropped as modernity and secularism came...
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universal health care, pension plans and other social security programs. His Kulturkampf policies were vehemently resisted by Catholics, who organized political...
debates in the media and in the parliaments, during which the term "Kulturkampf" gained widespread currency. Diplomatic ties with the Vatican were cut...
The Galileo Circle (Galilei Kör) was an atheist-materialist student organization that functioned in Budapest between 1908 and 1919. Their center was located...
Between Anti-Communism and Anti-Totalitarianism: The Other Interwar Kulturkampf?" (2018) the historian Paul Hanebrink said that Hitler's assumption of...
control Male contraceptive Free love Gay liberation Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf Milestones Abortion law Boys in the Sand Blue Movie Myra Breckinridge...
outside Germany—in Rome—having a say in German affairs. He launched a Kulturkampf ("culture war") against the power of the pope and the Catholic Church...
had mixed success in some of his domestic policies. His anti-Catholic Kulturkampf inside Prussia (and not the wider German state) was a failure. He ended...
control Male contraceptive Free love Gay liberation Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf Milestones Abortion law Boys in the Sand Blue Movie Myra Breckinridge...
numbers in the mid to latter 19th century, spurred in particular by the Kulturkampf. Some 19th-century immigrants, especially the "Forty-Eighters", were...
after the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility in 1870. The Kulturkampf raged in Baden, as in the rest of Germany, and, here as elsewhere, the...
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request and pointed to it as an act of Catholic disloyalty". Under the Kulturkampf policy, Otto von Bismarck "associated the meaning of being German with...
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