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Republic of Panama República de Panamá (Spanish) | |
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 Flag
 Coat of arms
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| Motto: Pro Mundi Beneficio (Latin) "For the Benefit of the World" | |
| Anthem: Himno Istmeño (Spanish) "Hymn of the Isthmus" | |
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| Capital and largest city | Panama City 8°58′N 79°32′W / 8.967°N 79.533°W |
| Official languages | Spanish |
| Recognised regional languages | Ngäbere Buglere Emberá Wounaan Kuna Teribe Bribri |
| Ethnic groups (2020)[1] |
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| Religion (2020)[2] |
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| Demonym(s) | Panamanian |
| Government | Unitary presidential republic |
• President | Laurentino Cortizo |
• Vice President | José Gabriel Carrizo |
| Legislature | National Assembly |
| Independence | |
• from Spanish Empire | November 28, 1821 |
• union with Gran Colombia | December 1821 |
• from Republic of Colombia | November 3, 1903 |
• Current constitution | October 11, 1972 |
| Area | |
• Total | 75,417 km2 (29,119 sq mi)[3][4] (116th) |
• Water (%) | 2.9 |
| Population | |
• 2022 estimate | 4,337,768[5] (127th) |
• Density | 56/km2 (145.0/sq mi) (122nd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total |  $190 billion[6] |
• Per capita | $42,738[6] |
| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $82.3 billion[6] |
• Per capita | $18,493[6] |
| Gini (2017) |  49.9[7]high |
| HDI (2022) | 0.820[8] very high (57th) |
| Currency |
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| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Date format | mm/dd/yyyy dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +507 |
| ISO 3166 code | PA |
| Internet TLD | .pa |
Panama (/ˈpænəmɑː/ ⓘ PAN-ə-mah, /pænəˈmɑː/ pan-ə-MAH; Spanish: Panamá IPA: [panaˈma] ⓘ), officially the Republic of Panama,[9] is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast (Colombia–Panama border), the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's over 4 million inhabitants.[10][11]
Before the arrival of Spanish colonists in the 16th century, Panama was inhabited by a number of different indigenous tribes. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999.[12] The surrounding territory was first returned in 1979.[13]
Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, especially since the Panama Canal expansion project (finished in 2016) has doubled its capacity.
Commerce, banking, and tourism are major sectors. Panama is regarded as having a high-income economy.[14] In 2019 Panama ranked 57th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index.[15] In 2018, Panama was ranked the seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index.[16] Panama was ranked 84th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[17] Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on earth.[18]
Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as the Organization of American States, Latin America Integration Association, Group of 77, World Health Organization, and Non-Aligned Movement.
- ^ "Panama". CIA World Factbook. February 4, 2022. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ "Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, Panama 2015" (PDF). Ministerio Público de la República de Panamá. December 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
- ^ "Demographic Yearbook – Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 26, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ "Panama". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Panama)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 10, 2023. Archived from the original on November 21, 2023. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
- ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
- ^ (Spanish: República de Panamá)
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
- ^ "Panama". CIA – The World Factbook. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
- ^ Department of State, United States of America (1987) [Signed at Washington on September 7, 1977. Entered into force October 1, 1979.]. "Panama Canal Treaty". United States Treaties and Other International Agreements. Vol. 33. United States Department of State. p. 55. 33 UST 39; TIAS 10030. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
Upon entry into force of this Treaty, the United States Government agencies known as the Panama Canal Company and the Canal Zone Government shall cease to operate within the territory of the Republic of Panama that formerly constituted the Canal Zone.
- ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
- ^ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. December 15, 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ^ "Competitiveness Rankings". The Global Competitiveness Report 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- ^ WIPO. "Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition". www.wipo.int. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
- ^ "Country profile: Panama". BBC News. June 30, 2010. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2010.