Cherokee (syllabary; letter forms only) c. 1820 CE
Vai (syllabary) c. 1832 CE
Deseret 1854 CE
Great Lakes Algonquian 19th c. CE
Blackfoot (influence from Canadian) 1888 CE
Fraser (Old Lisu) 1915 CE
Saanich 1978 CE
Osage 2006 CE
Runic 2nd c. CE
Ogham (origin uncertain) 4th c. CE
Lycian 5th c. BCE
Coptic (influence from Demotic) 3rd c. CE
Gothic 3rd c. CE
Armenian 405 CE
Caucasian Albanian (origin uncertain) c. 420 CE
Georgian (origin uncertain) c. 430 CE
Glagolitic 862 CE
Cyrillic c. 940 CE
Old Permic 1372 CE
Libyco-Berber 10th c. BCE
Tifinagh 4th c. CE
Neo-Tifinagh 1970 CE
Paleohispanic (semi-syllabic) 7th c. BCE
Graphically independent
Hangul 1443 CE (proposed connection to Phagspa)
Thaana c. 1601 CE
Adlam 1989 CE
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Pahlavi is a particular, exclusively written form of various Middle Iranian languages. The essential characteristics of Pahlavi are:[2]
the use of a specific Aramaic-derived script;
the incidence of Aramaic words used as heterograms (called uzwārišn, "archaisms").
Pahlavi compositions have been found for the dialects/ethnolects of Parthia, Persis, Sogdiana, Scythia, and Khotan.[3] Independent of the variant for which the Pahlavi system was used, the written form of that language only qualifies as Pahlavi when it has the characteristics noted above.
Pahlavi is then an admixture of:
written Imperial Aramaic, from which Pahlavi derives its script, logograms, and some of its vocabulary.
spoken Middle Iranian, from which Pahlavi derives its terminations, symbol rules, and most of its vocabulary.
Pahlavi may thus be defined as a system of writing applied to (but not unique for) a specific language group, but with critical features alien to that language group. It has the characteristics of a distinct language, but is not one. It is an exclusively written system, but much Pahlavi literature remains essentially an oral literature committed to writing and so retains many of the characteristics of oral composition.
^"Pahlavi alphabet." Encyclopedia Britannica. "Pahlavi alphabet, Pahlavi also spelled Pehlevi, writing system of the Persian people that dates from as early as the 2nd century BCE, some scholars believe, and was in use until the advent of Islam (7th century CE). "
^Geiger & Kuhn 2002, pp. 249ff.
^Kent 1953 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKent1953 (help)
use of Pahlavi dates to the reign of Arsaces I of Parthia (250 BCE) in early Parthian coin in Pahlaviscripts. There are also several Pahlavi texts written...
characters in this article correctly. Inscriptional Pahlavi is the earliest attested form of Pahlaviscripts, and is evident in clay fragments that have been...
form of Pahlaviscripts Middle Persian, written in the Pahlaviscript (including Zoroastrian Middle Persian of the 9th-11th century) Pahlaviscripts, as adopted...
correctly. Psalter Pahlavi is a cursive abjad that was used for writing Middle Persian on paper; it is thus described as one of the Pahlaviscripts. It was written...
These compositions, in the Aramaic-derived Book Pahlaviscript, are traditionally known as "Pahlavi literature". The earliest texts in Zoroastrian Middle...
developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brāhmī and gave rise to the Nāgarī, Śāradā and Siddhaṃ scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many...
and 4th century BC. Middle Persian is attested in Aramaic-derived scripts (Pahlavi and Manichaean) on inscriptions and in Zoroastrian and Manichaean scriptures...
Proposal for encoding the Inscriptional Parthian, Inscriptional Pahlavi, and Psalter Pahlaviscripts in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). Daniels, Peter T.; Bright,...
metropolitan of Pars and a noted Pahlavi writer, is generally attributed with the translation of the Pahlavi Psalter. The script of the psalter, like that of...
tradition. These symbols, like those of all the Pahlaviscripts, are in turn based on Aramaic script symbols. Avestan also incorporates several letters...
free inventions. Avestan script, like Pahlaviscript and Aramaic script also, is written from right to left. In Avestan script, letters are not connected...
the Arabic script for writing Persian, followed by the Saffarid dynasty in the 9th century, gradually displacing the various Pahlaviscripts used for the...
Aramaic alphabet and, as logograms, some Aramaic vocabulary in the Pahlaviscripts, which were used by several Middle Iranian languages, including Parthian...
ideographic scripts, only the author of a text can read it with any certainty, and it may be said that they are interpreted rather than read. Such scripts often...
always uncovered. The earliest written record of chador can be found in Pahlaviscripts from the sixth century as a female head dress worn by Zoroastrian women...
examples of logoconsonantal scripts are Egyptian hieroglyphs, hieratic, and demotic: Ancient Egyptian. Logosyllabic scripts have graphemes which represent...
introduced by Sasanian-era transcription from the Aramaic alphabet-derived Pahlaviscripts. The search for the 'Arsacid archetype' was increasingly criticized...
discovery of the meaning of texts written in ancient or obscure languages or scripts. In a few cases, a multilingual artifact has been necessary to facilitate...
or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout...
Persian. The language is a branch of the Pahlavi language. This means that it shares the ergative structure of Pahlavi. It is also an analytical language....
contrast, Pahlaviscript was only an abjad. Pazend did not have ideograms. In contrast, ideograms were an identifying feature of the Pahlavi system, and...
cursives. Aramaic script and, as ideograms, Aramaic vocabulary would survive as the essential characteristics of the Pahlaviscripts, itself developing...
between the wings was made by combining Pahlaviscripts. Some scholars have tried to read these images. The script is in the form of "Afzoot" (Amrood), which...
ultimately derives from the Aramaic alphabet. Like its close relatives, the Pahlaviscripts, written Sogdian contains many logograms or ideograms, which were Aramaic...
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