The PACMAD clade (previously PACCMAD, PACCAD, or PACC[1]) is one of two major lineages (or clades) of the true grasses (Poaceae), regrouping six subfamilies and about 5700 species, more than half of all true grasses. Its sister group is the BOP clade. The PACMAD lineage is the only group within the grasses in which the C4 photosynthesis pathway has evolved; studies have shown that this happened independently multiple times.[2]
The name of the clade comes from the first initials of the included subfamilies Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae, Micrairoideae, Aristidoideae, and Danthonioideae. It has no defined taxonomic rank but is used frequently because it refers to a well-defined monophyletic group with a distinct ecology.
Phylogeny of the PACMAD clade, with photosynthetic pathways for each subfamily:[2]
Poaceae
Anomochlooideae
Pharoideae
Puelioideae
BOP clade
PACMAD clade
Aristidoideae C3 & C4
Panicoideae C3 & C4
Chloridoideae C3 & C4
Danthonioideae C3
Arundinoideae C3
Micrairoideae C3 & C4
^Cite error: The named reference SorengPeterson2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference GWPGII was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
The PACMADclade (previously PACCMAD, PACCAD, or PACC) is one of two major lineages (or clades) of the true grasses (Poaceae), regrouping six subfamilies...
than 5,400 species, about half of all grasses. Its sister group is the PACMADclade; in contrast with many species of that group who have evolved C4 photosynthesis...
Bermudagrass and switchgrass. Although the C4 species are all in the PACMADclade (see diagram below), it seems that various forms of C4 have arisen some...
related to sorghum and maize within the PACMADclade of grasses, and more distantly to the cereals of the BOP clade such as wheat and barley. The different...
glume is shorter than the spikelet. Within the PACMADclade of grasses, the Panicoideae are sister to a clade made of the four subfamilies Arundinoideae,...
C4 species – around 5000. They are only found in subfamilies of the PACMADclade. Major C4 crops such as maize, sugarcane, sorghum and pearl millet belong...
in the PACMADclade of Old World grasses, and much more distantly to rice and wheat, which are in the other major group of grasses, the BOP clade. It is...
mainly found in arid tropical or subtropical grasslands. Within the PACMADclade, their sister group is the Danthonioideae. The subfamily includes widespread...
and rye within the Triticeae, and more distantly to rice within the BOP clade of grasses (Poaceae). The phylogeny of the Triticeae is complicated by horizontal...
two big BOP and PACMAD clades, which each contain roughly half of the family's species. C4 lineages have only evolved in the PACMADclade, whereas many...
has over 300 species in three genera: The subfamily is a member of the PACMADclade of grasses, the evolutionary group in which C4 photosynthesis independently...
rice in Peravoor, India The edible rice species are members of the BOP clade within the grass family, the Poaceae. The rice subfamily, Oryzoideae, is...
shrublands, and woodlands. It belongs to the PACMADclade of grasses, but unlike some other lineages in that clade, grasses in the Danthonioideae exclusively...
including giant reed and common reed. Unlike many other members of the PACMADclade of grasses, the Arundinoideae all use C3 photosynthesis. Their sister...
Poaceae, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Within the PACMADclade, it is sister to subfamily Arundinoideae. It includes roughly 190 species...
lineage in subfamily Panicoideae, sometimes referred to as "centothecoid clade". Unlike many other clades in the subfamily Panicoideae, they use the C3...
one of the earliest-diverging grass lineages, older than the big BOP and PACMAD clades: Grass Phylogeny Working Group II (2012). "New grass phylogeny resolves...
one of the earliest-diverging grass lineages, sister to the big BOP and PACMAD clades: Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse...
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