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Dyslexia is a complex, lifelong disorder involving difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters and other symbols. Dyslexia does not affect general intelligence, but is often co-diagnosed with ADHD.[1][2] There are at least three sub-types of dyslexia that have been recognized by researchers: orthographic, or surface dyslexia, phonological dyslexia and mixed dyslexia where individuals exhibit symptoms of both orthographic and phonological dyslexia.[3] Studies have shown that dyslexia is genetic and can be passed down through families, but it is important to note that, although a genetic disorder, there is no specific locus in the brain for reading and writing. The human brain does have language centers (for spoken and gestural communication), but written language is a cultural artifact, and a very complex one requiring brain regions designed to recognize and interpret written symbols as representations of language in rapid synchronization. The complexity of the system and the lack of genetic predisposition for it is one possible explanation for the difficulty in acquiring and understanding written language.[4]
Furthermore, recent evidence has found that there are certain genes responsible for causing dyslexia.[5] Research also suggests a clear genetic basis for developmental dyslexia with abnormalities in certain language areas of the brain.[6][7] However, there is also evidence that orthography, the correspondence between the language's phonemes (sound units) and its graphemes (characters, symbols, letters), plays a significant role in the type and frequency of dyslexia's manifestations.[7] Some psycholinguists believe that the complexity of a language's orthography (whether it has a high phoneme-grapheme correspondence or an irregular correspondence in which sounds do not clearly map to symbols) affects the severity and occurrence of dyslexia, postulating that a more regular system would reduce the number of cases of dyslexia and/or the severity of symptoms.[8]
Current psycholinguistic models of dyslexia are "largely developed on the basis of alphabetic writing systems such as English",[9] but the amount of research on some logographic orthographies, Chinese in particular,[10] is also fairly significant. Unfortunately, little research has been done on syllabic writing systems, and "cross-linguistic studies of the acquired dyslexia and dysgraphias are scarce."[9]
^NCLD Editorial Team. "What is Dyslexia". National center for Learning disabilities. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
^"Dyslexia". Boston Children's Hospital. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
^Caplan, David (1987). Neurolinguistics and Linguistic Aphasiology. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–232.
^Wolf, Maryanne. "Part III: When the Brain Can't Learn to Read." Wolf, Maryanne. Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. New York City: HarperCollins Publisher, 2007. 163-231.
^"Dyslexia Information Page" Archived 2016-07-27 at the Wayback Machine. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 12 May 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
^Witelson, Sandra. "Developmental Dyslexia: TwoRight Hemispheres and None Left." Science, New Series 195.4275(1977): 309-311.
^ abPaulesu, E, et al. "Dyslexia: Cultural Diversityand Biological Unity." Science 291.5511 (2001): 2165-2167.<https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1057179?sid=e7fcb20f-73c5-49a5-bbc4-f8efd0123b40>.
^Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abKaranth, Prathibha; Jing, J (March 2002). "The search for deep dyslexia in syllabic writing systems". Journal of Neurolinguistics. 15 (2): 143–155. doi:10.1016/S0911-6044(00)00022-1. S2CID 53160738.
^Xu GF, Jing J (September 2008). "Major achievements in relation to dyslexia in Chinese characters". Chin. Med. J. 121 (17): 1736–40. doi:10.1097/00029330-200809010-00027. PMID 19024108.
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of dyslexia depends on a multitude of variables; there is no one specific strategy or set of strategies that will work for all who have dyslexia. Some...
Surface dyslexia is a type of dyslexia, or reading disorder. According to Marshall & Newcombe's (1973) and McCarthy & Warrington's study (1990), patients...
The history of dyslexia research spans from the late 1800s to the present. The concept of "word-blindness" (German: "wortblindheit"), as an isolated condition...
of language orthographies French orthography German orthography Greek orthography Hangul orthography Italian orthography Latin spelling and pronunciation...
occur without dyslexia. Dyslexics and dysgraphics experience similar synchronization difficulties and issues with spelling. However, dyslexia does not seem...
developmental dyslexia, And alexia (acquired dyslexia), The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke defines reading disability or dyslexia as follows:...
native speaker not trained in phonetics. However, unlike some orthographies, English orthography often represents a very abstract underlying representation...
Phonological dyslexia is a reading disability that is a form of alexia (acquired dyslexia), resulting from brain injury, stroke, or progressive illness and that...
readers in languages with consistent orthographies such as Spanish, Italian and Dutch. English is an inconsistent orthography because it has poor letter sound...
learning and applying proper spelling, as well as resolving related issues, based on the cause and degree of impairment. OrthographyDyslexia Centre, INSERM...
acquired dyslexia, for example, as the result of a stroke. There are several types of paralexias depending on the type of reading errors: orthographic paralexias...
relationship between letters and sounds. This debate is often referred to as the reading wars. DyslexiaOrthographic depth Phonemic orthography Phonetic spelling...
following: Copy and recall therapy (CART) – repetition and recall of targeted words within therapy may strengthen orthographic representations and improve single...
Deep dyslexia is a form of dyslexia that disrupts reading processes. Deep dyslexia may occur as a result of a head injury, stroke, disease, or operation...
especially those with dyslexia. According to the International Dyslexia Association, structured literacy contains the elements of phonology and phonemic awareness...
between graphemes and phonemes, while those of French and English have much less regular correspondence, and are known as deep orthographies. Multigraphs representing...
2020-05-25. Harper, Douglas. "dyslexia". Etymonline. Retrieved 2020-05-25. Brown, Rebecca Williamson. "Hyperlexia: Related to Vision and Language Problems". NLDline...
Dynaread Special Education Corporation is a provider of dyslexia remediation services specifically designed for older struggling readers (ages 7+). Dynaread...
Literacy Development (2004; updated 2016) and Coping with Dyslexia, Dysgraphia and ADHD: A Global Perspective (2019) and co-edited three others. She is currently...
learning across orthographies, accounting for L1-specific memorization abilities of L2-learners has recently been introduced (Hadzibeganovic and Cannas, 2009)...
as: "alexia without agraphia", "letter-by-letter dyslexia", "spelling dyslexia", or "word-form dyslexia". Another name for it is "Dejerine syndrome", after...
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