Hyperlexia information

Hyperlexia is a syndrome characterized by a child's precocious ability to read. It was initially identified by Norman E. Silberberg and Margaret C. Silberberg (1967), who defined it as the precocious ability to read words without prior training in learning to read, typically before the age of five. They indicated that children with hyperlexia have a significantly higher word-decoding ability than their reading comprehension levels.^[1] Children with hyperlexia also present with an intense fascination for written material at a very early age.^[2]

Hyperlexic children are characterized by word-reading ability well above what would be expected given their age.^[3] First named and scientifically described in 1967 (Silverberg and Silverberg), it can be viewed as a superability in which word recognition ability goes far above expected levels of skill.^[4] Some hyperlexics, however, have trouble understanding speech.^[4] Some experts believe that most children with hyperlexia, or perhaps even all of them, lie on the autism spectrum.^[4]^[2] However, one expert, Darold Treffert, proposes that hyperlexia has subtypes, only some of which overlap with autism.^[5]^[6] Between five and twenty percent of autistic children have been estimated to be hyperlexic.^[7]^[8]

Hyperlexic children are often fascinated by letters or numbers. They are extremely good at decoding language and thus often become very early readers. Some English-speaking hyperlexic children learn to spell long words (such as elephant) before they are two years old and learn to read whole sentences before they turn three.

^ Richman, Lynn, C.; Wood, K.M. (2002). "Learning disability subtypes: classification of high functioning hyperlexia". Brain and Language. 82 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00007-X. PMID 12174811. S2CID 23218407.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Ostrolenk, Alexia (May 2017). "Hyperlexia: Systematic review, neurocognitive modelling, and outcome". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 79: 134–149. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.029. PMID 28478182.
^ Newman, Tina M.; Macomber, Donna; Naples, Adam J.; Babitz, Tammy; Volkmar, Fred; Grigorenko, Elena L. (19 September 2006). "Hyperlexia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders" (PDF). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 37 (4): 760–774. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0206-y. PMID 17048093. S2CID 23401685. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Grigorenko, Elena L.; Klin, Ami; Volkmar, Fred (November 2003). "Annotation: Hyperlexia: disability or superability?". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 44 (8): 1079–1091. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.456.6283. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00193. PMID 14626452.
^ Treffert, Darold A. (2011). "Hyperlexia: Reading Precociousness or Savant Skill? Distinguishing autistic-like behaviors from Autistic Disorder". Wisconsin Medical Society. Archived from the original on 23 August 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
^ Treffert, Darold A. (December 2011). "Hyperlexia III: Separating 'Autistic-like' Behaviors from Autistic Disorder; Assessing Children who Read Early or Speak Late" (PDF). WMJ. 110 (6): 281–287. PMID 22324205. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
^ Burd, Larry; Kerbeshian, Jacob (June 1985). "Hyperlexia and a variant of hypergraphia". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 60 (3): 940–2. doi:10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.940. PMID 3927257. S2CID 6158584.
^ Grigorenko, Elena L.; Klin, Ami; Pauls, David L.; Senft, Riley; Hooper, Catalina; Volkmar, Fred (2002-02-01). "A Descriptive Study of Hyperlexia in a Clinically Referred Sample of Children with Developmental Delays". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 32 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1023/A:1017995805511. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 11916330. S2CID 20220209.

[1] Richman, Lynn, C.; Wood, K.M. (2002). "Learning disability subtypes: classification of high functioning hyperlexia". Brain and Language. 82 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00007-X. PMID 12174811. S2CID 23218407.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:0-2] Ostrolenk, Alexia (May 2017). "Hyperlexia: Systematic review, neurocognitive modelling, and outcome". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 79: 134–149. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.029. PMID 28478182.

[3] Newman, Tina M.; Macomber, Donna; Naples, Adam J.; Babitz, Tammy; Volkmar, Fred; Grigorenko, Elena L. (19 September 2006). "Hyperlexia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders" (PDF). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 37 (4): 760–774. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0206-y. PMID 17048093. S2CID 23401685. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2016.

[Grigorenko-4] Grigorenko, Elena L.; Klin, Ami; Volkmar, Fred (November 2003). "Annotation: Hyperlexia: disability or superability?". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 44 (8): 1079–1091. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.456.6283. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00193. PMID 14626452.

[Hyperlexia_Types-5] Treffert, Darold A. (2011). "Hyperlexia: Reading Precociousness or Savant Skill? Distinguishing autistic-like behaviors from Autistic Disorder". Wisconsin Medical Society. Archived from the original on 23 August 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2016.

[6] Treffert, Darold A. (December 2011). "Hyperlexia III: Separating 'Autistic-like' Behaviors from Autistic Disorder; Assessing Children who Read Early or Speak Late" (PDF). WMJ. 110 (6): 281–287. PMID 22324205. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2016.

[7] Burd, Larry; Kerbeshian, Jacob (June 1985). "Hyperlexia and a variant of hypergraphia". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 60 (3): 940–2. doi:10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.940. PMID 3927257. S2CID 6158584.

[8] Grigorenko, Elena L.; Klin, Ami; Pauls, David L.; Senft, Riley; Hooper, Catalina; Volkmar, Fred (2002-02-01). "A Descriptive Study of Hyperlexia in a Clinically Referred Sample of Children with Developmental Delays". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 32 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1023/A:1017995805511. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 11916330. S2CID 20220209.

Hyperlexia information

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