Kidney transplant or renal transplant is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). Kidney transplant is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ. Living-donor kidney transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient. The first successful kidney transplant was performed in 1954 by a team including Joseph Murray, the recipient's surgeon, and Hartwell Harrison, surgeon for the donor. Murray was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 for this and other work.[1] In 2018, an estimated 95,479 kidney transplants were performed worldwide, 36% of which came from living donors.[2]
Before receiving a kidney transplant, a person with ESRD must undergo a thorough medical evaluation to make sure that they are healthy enough to undergo transplant surgery. If they are deemed a good candidate, they can be placed on a waiting list to receive a kidney from a deceased donor.[3]: How do I get a kidney from a deceased donor? Once they are placed on the waiting list, they can receive a new kidney very quickly, or they may have to wait many years; in the United States, the average waiting time is three to five years.[4] During transplant surgery, the new kidney is usually placed in the lower abdomen (belly); the person's two native kidneys are not usually taken out unless there is a medical reason to do so.[3]: What happens during kidney transplant surgery?
People with ESRD who receive a kidney transplant generally live longer than people with ESRD who are on dialysis and may have a better quality of life.[3]: What is a kidney transplant? However, kidney transplant recipients must remain on immunosuppressants (medications to suppress the immune system) for as long as the new kidney is working to prevent their body from rejecting it.[3]: What are anti-rejection medicines? This long-term immunosuppression puts them at higher risk for infections and cancer.[5] Kidney transplant rejection can be classified as cellular rejection or antibody-mediated rejection. Antibody-mediated rejection can be classified as hyperacute, acute, or chronic, depending on how long after the transplant it occurs. If rejection is suspected, a kidney biopsy should be obtained.[5] It is important to regularly monitor the new kidney's function by measuring serum creatinine and other labs; this should be done at least every three months.[5]
^Shrestha B, Haylor J, Raftery A (March 2015). "Historical Perspectives in Kidney Transplantation: An Updated Review". Progress in Transplantation. 25 (1). Sage Publishing: 64–69. doi:10.7182/pit2015789. eISSN 2164-6708. PMID 25758803. S2CID 26032497.
^"International Report on Organ Donation And Transplantation Activities: Executive Summary 2018" (PDF). Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation. ONT/WHO. October 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ abcd"20 Common Kidney Transplant Questions and Answers". National Kidney Foundation. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^"The Kidney Transplant Waitlist – What You Need to Know". National Kidney Foundation. 19 October 2023. What is the average wait time for a kidney transplant?. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ abcVoora S, Adey DB (June 2019). "Management of Kidney Transplant Recipients by General Nephrologists: Core Curriculum 2019". American Journal of Kidney Diseases (Core curriculum). 73 (6): 866–879. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.01.031. PMID 30981567.
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