Optimal distinctiveness is a social psychological theory seeking to understand ingroup–outgroup differences. It asserts that individuals desire to attain an optimal balance of inclusion and distinctiveness within and between social groups and situations.[1] These two motives are in constant opposition with each other; when there is too much of one motive, the other must increase in order to counterbalance it and vice versa.[2] The theory of optimal distinctiveness was first proposed by Dr. Marilynn B. Brewer in 1991 and extensively reviewed in 2010 by Drs. Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Cynthia L. Pickett, and Marilynn Brewer.[3]
^Brewer, Marilynn B. (2003), Leary, Mark R.; Tangney, June Price (eds.), "Optimal Distinctiveness, Social Identity, and the Self", Handbook of Self and Identity, Guilford Press, pp. 480–491, retrieved 23 March 2023
^ Brewer, Marilynn B. (October 1991). "The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 17 (5): 475–482. doi:10.1177/0146167291175001. ISSN 0146-1672.
^Leonardelli, Geoffrey J.; Pickett, Cynthia L.; Brewer, Marilynn B. (2010), "Optimal Distinctiveness Theory", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 43, Elsevier, pp. 63–113, doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)43002-6, ISBN 978-0-12-380946-9, retrieved 23 March 2023
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