Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
This article is about the general notion of determinism in philosophy. For other uses, see Determinism (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Fatalism, Predeterminism, Predictability, or Theological determinism.
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Determinism is the philosophical view that all events in the universe, including human decisions and actions, are causally inevitable.[1] Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have developed from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations. Like eternalism, determinism focuses on particular events rather than the future as a concept. The opposite of determinism is indeterminism, or the view that events are not deterministically caused but rather occur due to chance. Determinism is often contrasted with free will, although some philosophers claim that the two are compatible.[2][3]
Historically, debates about determinism have involved many philosophical positions and given rise to multiple varieties or interpretations of determinism. One topic of debate concerns the scope of determined systems. Some philosophers have maintained that the entire universe is a single determinate system, while others identify more limited determinate systems. Another common debate topic is whether determinism and free will can coexist; compatibilism and incompatibilism represent the opposing sides of this debate.
Determinism should not be confused with the self-determination of human actions by reasons, motives, and desires. Determinism is about interactions which affect cognitive processes in people's lives.[4] It is about the cause and the result of what people have done. Cause and result are always bound together in cognitive processes. It assumes that if an observer has sufficient information about an object or human being, that such an observer might be able to predict every consequent move of that object or human being. Determinism rarely requires that perfect prediction be practically possible.
^For example, see Franklin, Richard Langdon (1968). Freewill and Determinism: A Study of Rival Conceptions of Man. Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 978-0710031570.
^Conceptually (20 January 2019). "Determinism – Explanation and examples". conceptually.org. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^Ismael, Jenann (1 October 2019). "Determinism, Counterpredictive Devices, and the Impossibility of Laplacean Intelligences". The Monist. 102 (4): 478–498. doi:10.1093/monist/onz021. ISSN 0026-9662.
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Hard determinism (or metaphysical determinism) is a view on free will which holds that determinism is true, that it is incompatible with free will, and...
Theological determinism is a form of predeterminism which states that all events that happen are pre-ordained, and/or predestined to happen, by one or...
Compatibilism is the belief that free will and determinism are mutually compatible and that it is possible to believe in both without being logically...
Historical determinism is the belief that events in history are entirely determined or constrained by various prior forces and, therefore, in a certain...
Cultural determinism is the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels. It contrasts with...
Psychological determinism is the view that psychological phenomena are determined by factors outside of a person's control. Daniel Bader discusses two...
Linguistic determinism is the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such...
Social determinism is the theory that social interactions alone determine individual behavior (as opposed to biological or objective factors).[citation...
Psychic determinism is a type of determinism that theorizes that all mental processes are not spontaneous but are determined by the unconscious or preexisting...
Retrospective determinism is the informal fallacy that because something happened under some circumstances, it was therefore bound to happen due to those...
Reciprocal determinism is the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura which states that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced...
Look up nondeterminism, non-determinism, nondeterministic, or non-deterministic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Nondeterminism or nondeterministic...
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already determined. A third such view is causal determinism. Causal determinism (often simply called "determinism") is now usually treated as distinct from...
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of the productive forces, sometimes referred to as productive force determinism, is a variation of historical materialism and Marxism that places primary...
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