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North Vietnam information


Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa (Vietnamese)
1945–1976
Flag of North Vietnam
Flag
(1955–1976)
Emblem (1955–1976) of North Vietnam
Emblem
(1955–1976)
Motto: "Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc"
"Independence – Freedom – Happiness"
Anthem: "Tiến Quân Ca"
"Army March"
The administrative territory of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam according to the 1954 Geneva Accord is shown in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled is shown in light green.
The administrative territory of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam according to the 1954 Geneva Accord is shown in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled is shown in light green.
StatusUnrecognized state (1945–1954)[a]
Sovereign state (1954–1976)
Capital
and largest city
Hanoi
21°01′42″N 105°51′15″E / 21.02833°N 105.85417°E / 21.02833; 105.85417
Official languagesVietnamese
Official scriptVietnamese alphabet
Religion
State atheism
Demonym(s)
  • North Vietnamese
  • Vietnamese
GovernmentUnitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic (after 1954)
Leader of the Worker's Party 
• 1945–1956
Trường Chinh[b]
• 1956–1960
Hồ Chí Minh[c]
• 1960–1975
Lê Duẩn[d]
President 
• 1945–1969
Hồ Chí Minh
• 1969–1975
Tôn Đức Thắng
Prime Minister 
• 1945–1955
Hồ Chí Minh
• 1955–1975
Phạm Văn Đồng
LegislatureNational Assembly
Historical eraAftermath of World War II/Cold War
• August Revolution
19 August 1945
• Abdication of Bảo Đại
25 August 1945
• State declared
2 September 1945
• Legislative election
6 January 1946
• Ho–Sainteny agreement
6 March 1946
• Start of the Indochina War
19 December 1946
• Geneva Accords
22 July 1954
• Start of the Vietnam War
1 November 1955
• Death of Ho Chi Minh
2 September 1969
• Paris Peace Accords
27 January 1973
• Reunification
30 April 1975
• Socialist Republic of Vietnam
2 July 1976
Area
1945331,212 km2 (127,882 sq mi)
1955157,880 km2 (60,960 sq mi)
1968157,880 km2 (60,960 sq mi)
Population
• 1945
c. 20 million[note 1]
• 1955
16,100,000 [1]
• 1968
18,700,000 [2]
• 1974
23,800,000 [1]
GDP (PPP)1960 estimate
• Total
4,113 million USD[3]
• Per capita
$51[4]
Currencyđồng
cash (until 1948)[5]
Preceded by
Succeeded by
North Vietnam 1945:
Empire of Vietnam
North Vietnam 1954:
French Indochina
1946:
French Indochina
North Vietnam
1976:
Vietnam
North Vietnam
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Vietnamese alphabetViệt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa
Chữ Hán越南民主共和

North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa; chữ Nôm: 越南民主共和), was a socialist state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976, with formal sovereignty being fully recognized in 1954. A member of the Eastern Bloc, it opposed the French-supported State of Vietnam and later the Western-allied Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). North Vietnam emerged victorious over South Vietnam in 1975 and ceased to exist the following year when it unified with the south to become the current Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

During the August Revolution following World War II, Vietnamese communist revolutionary Hồ Chí Minh, leader of the Việt Minh Front, declared independence on 2 September 1945 and proclaimed the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The Việt Minh (formally the "League for the Independence of Vietnam"), led by the communists, was created in 1941 and designed to appeal to a wider population than the Indochinese Communist Party could command.[6]

From the beginning, the communist-led Việt Minh sought to consolidate power by purging other nationalist groups.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Meanwhile, France moved in to reassert its colonial dominance over Vietnam in the aftermath of WW2, eventually prompting the First Indochina War in December 1946. During this guerrilla war, the Việt Minh captured and controlled most of the rural areas in Vietnam, which led to French defeat in 1954. The negotiations in the Geneva Conference that year ended the war and recognized Vietnamese independence. The Geneva Accords provisionally divided the country into a northern zone and a southern zone along the 17th parallel, stipulating general elections scheduled for July 1956 to "bring about the unification of Viet-Nam".[13] The northern zone was controlled by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and became commonly called North Vietnam, while the southern zone, under control of the de jure non-communist State of Vietnam, was commonly called South Vietnam.

Supervision of the implementation of the Geneva Accords was the responsibility of an international commission consisting of India, Canada, and Poland, respectively representing the non-aligned, the capitalist, and the communist blocs. The United States, which did not sign the Geneva Accords, stated that it "shall continue to seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to ensure that they are conducted fairly".[14] Meanwhile, the State of Vietnam strongly opposed the partition of the country,[15] with its prime minister Ngô Đình Diệm announcing in July 1955 that the State of Vietnam would not participate in elections, claiming that it had not signed the Geneva Accords and was therefore not bound by it,[16] and raising concerns that an unfree election would occur under the Việt Minh regime in North Vietnam.[15] In October 1955, Diệm's government held its own referendum, which was widely marred by electoral fraud, to depose Chief of State Bảo Đại and established the Republic of Vietnam with Diệm as its first president.[17][18]

Failure to unify the country by referendum led to the Vietnam War in 1955. Supported by their communist allies, mainly China and the Soviet Union, the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam and the South Vietnam-based Việt Cộng guerrilla fought against the Military Forces of South Vietnam.[19] To prevent other countries from becoming communist in Southeast Asia, the United States intervened in the conflict along with Western Bloc forces from South Korea, Australia and Thailand, who heavily supported South Vietnam militarily. The conflict spread to neighboring countries and North Vietnam supported the Pathet Lao in Laos and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia against their respective US-supported governments. By 1973, the United States and its allies withdrew from the war, and the unsupported South Vietnam was swiftly overrun by the superior Northern forces.

The Vietnam War ended on 30 April 1975 and saw South Vietnam come under the control of the Việt Cộng's Provisional Revolutionary Government, which led to the reunification of Vietnam on 2 July 1976 and the creation of the current Socialist Republic of Vietnam. In the aftermath of the Vietnam War, the unified Vietnamese state experienced economic decline,[20] refugee crises and conflicts with the Khmer Rouge in 1977 and China in 1979. The expanded Socialist Republic retained Soviet-style political culture, economic system and memberships in Eastern Bloc organisations such as COMECON until the Đổi Mới economic reforms in 1986 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.[21]


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
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  1. ^ a b Barbieri, Magali (1995). "La situation démographique du Viêt Nam". Magali Barbieri. 50 (3): 625. doi:10.2307/1534398. JSTOR 1534398. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  2. ^ "The Manpower Situation in North Vietnam" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. January 1968.
  3. ^ A G Vinogradov (2015). Economic growth around the world from ancient times to the present day: Statistical Tables. Part 1. pp. 88–89.
  4. ^ Vuong, Quan Hoang (2004). Fledgling Financial Markets in Vietnam's Transition Economy, 1986–2003. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  5. ^ "Sapeque and Sapeque-Like Coins in Cochinchina and Indochina (交趾支那和印度支那穿孔錢幣)". Howard A. Daniel III (The Journal of East Asian Numismatics – Second issue). 20 April 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  6. ^ ' Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Movement in Indochina, A Study in the Exploitation of Nationalism Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine (1953), Folder 11, Box 02, Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 13 – The Early History of Vietnam, The Vietnam Center and Archive, Texas Tech University.'
  7. ^ Guillemot, François (2004). "Au coeur de la fracture vietnamienne : l'élimination de l'opposition nationaliste et anticolonialiste dans le Nord du Vietnam (1945–1946)". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.). Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945. Paris: Les Indes savantes. pp. 175–216. ISBN 9782846540643.
  8. ^ McHale, Shawn (2004). "Freedom, Violence, and the Struggle over the Public Arena in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1945–1958". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.). Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945. Paris: Les Indes savantes. pp. 81–99. ISBN 9782846540643.
  9. ^ Hoang, Tuan (2009). "The Early South Vietnamese Critique of Communism". In Vu, Tuong; Wongsurawat, Wasana (eds.). Dynamics of the Cold War in Asia: Ideology, Identity, and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–32. doi:10.1057/9780230101999_2. ISBN 9780230101999.
  10. ^ Marr (2013), pp. 383–441.
  11. ^ Kort, Michael G. (2017). The Vietnam War Reexamined. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–63, 81–85. ISBN 9781107110199.
  12. ^ Tran, Nu-Anh (2022). Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 24–30. ISBN 9780824887865.
  13. ^ "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam, 20 July 1954 Archived 22 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 15 October 2015
  14. ^ "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam, July 20, 1954 Archived 22 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 15 October 2015; "Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference of the Problem of Restoring Peace in Indo-China, 21 July 1954 Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 15 October 2015
  15. ^ a b "Lời tuyên bố truyền thanh của Thủ tướng Chánh phủ ngày 16-7-1955 về hiệp định Genève và vấn đề thống nhất đất nước". "Tuyên ngôn của Chánh phủ Quốc gia Việt Nam ngày 9-8-1954 về vấn đề thống nhất lãnh thổ". In Con đường Chính nghĩa: Độc lập, Dân chủ – Quyển II. Sở Báo chí Thông tin, Phủ Tổng thống. Saigon 1956. pp. 11–13
  16. ^ Ang Cheng Guan (1997). Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7864-0404-9. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  17. ^ Karnow, p. 223-224.
  18. ^ Tucker, p.366.
  19. ^ Julia Lovell, Maoism: A Global History (2019) pp 223–265.
  20. ^ "Vietnam - The Economy". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  21. ^ Diana Nelson Jones (3 November 2018). "Author Tim O'Brien, voice of the Vietnam War experience, slated to speak in Peters". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2023.

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