Nitrogen dioxide poisoning is the illness resulting from the toxic effect of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2). It usually occurs after the inhalation of the gas beyond the threshold limit value.[1]
Nitrogen dioxide is reddish-brown with a very harsh smell at high concentrations, at lower concentrations it is colorless but may still have a harsh odour. Nitrogen dioxide poisoning depends on the duration, frequency, and intensity of exposure.
Nitrogen dioxide is an irritant of the mucous membrane linked with another air pollutant that causes pulmonary diseases such as obstructive lung disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sometimes acute exacerbation of COPD and in fatal cases, deaths.[2]
Its poor solubility in water enhances its passage and its ability to pass through the moist oral mucosa of the respiratory tract.
Like most toxic gases, the dose inhaled determines the toxicity on the respiratory tract. Occupational exposures constitute the highest risk of toxicity and domestic exposure is uncommon. Prolonged exposure to low concentration of the gas may have lethal effects, as can short-term exposure to high concentrations like chlorine gas poisoning. It is one of the major air pollutants capable of causing severe health hazards such as coronary artery disease as well as stroke.[3]
Nitrogen dioxide is often released into the environment as a byproduct of fuel combustion but rarely released by spontaneous combustion. Known sources of nitrogen dioxide gas poisoning include automobile exhaust and power stations.
The toxicity may also result from non-combustible sources such as the one released from anaerobic fermentation of food grains and anaerobic digestion of biodegradable waste.[4]
The World Health Organization (WHO) developed a global recommendation limiting exposures to less than 20 parts per billion for chronic exposure and value less 100 ppb for one hour for acute exposure, using nitrogen dioxide as a marker for other pollutants from fuel combustion.[5]
There is a significant association between indoor NO 2 levels and increased respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, chest tightness and severity of infections among children with asthma.[6]
Historically, some cities in the United States including Chicago and Los Angeles have higher levels of nitrogen dioxide than the EPA maximum exposure limits of 100 ppb for a one-hour exposure and less than 53 ppb for chronic exposure.[7][8]
^Krzyzanowski Michal (June 2008). "Update of WHO air quality guidelines". Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 1 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1007/s11869-008-0008-9.
^"Nitrogen dioxide". US EPA. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^"Indoor Air". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2014-07-03. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^Ashok, Pandey (2014). Pretreatment of Biomass: Processes and Technologies. USA: Elsevier. p. 202. ISBN 978-0128003961. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^"Nitrogen dioxide - WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected". PubMed. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^Belanger K, Gent JF, Triche EW, Bracken MB, Leaderer BP (February 1, 2006). "Association of indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 173 (3): 297–303. doi:10.1164/rccm.200408-1123OC. PMC 2662932. PMID 16254270.
^"Nitrogen oxides limits: Chicago would fail to meet Obama's tougher". Chicargo Tribune. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^"Nitrogen Dioxide". American Lung Association. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
and 30 Related for: Nitrogen dioxide poisoning information
Nitrogendioxidepoisoning is the illness resulting from the toxic effect of nitrogendioxide (NO 2). It usually occurs after the inhalation of the gas...
Nitrogendioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO2. One of several nitrogen oxides, nitrogendioxide is a reddish-brown gas. It is a paramagnetic...
Persistent vomiting is often associated with iron poisoning and also used to determine severity of iron poisoning. Laboratory tests such as measuring the peak...
Poisoning is the harmful effect which occurs when toxic substances are introduced into the body. The term "poisoning" is a derivative of poison, a term...
noticeable and a common choice for assassinations and poison attacks. For this reason, strychnine poisoning is often portrayed in literature and film, such...
Nicotine poisoning describes the symptoms of the toxic effects of nicotine following ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Nicotine poisoning can potentially...
extreme cases of cadmium poisoning, mere body weight causes a fracture.[citation needed] The kidney damage inflicted by cadmium poisoning is irreversible. The...
Aluminium phosphide poisoning is poisoning that occurs as a result of excessive exposure to aluminium phosphide (AlP), which is readily available as a...
severe symptoms. Along with ciguatera fish poisoning, it is one of the most common type of seafood poisoning. It occurs globally in both temperate and...
Thallium poisoning is poisoning that is due to thallium and its compounds, which are often highly toxic. Contact with skin is dangerous and adequate ventilation...
Sri Lanka, pesticide poisonings from short-term very high level of exposure (acute poisoning) is the most worrisome type of poisoning. However, in developed...
Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, and nerve agents. Symptoms...
severe carbon monoxide poisoning. The highest reported non-fatal carboxyhemoglobin level was 73% COHb. Efforts to prevent poisoning include carbon monoxide...
Paracetamol poisoning, also known as acetaminophen poisoning, is caused by excessive use of the medication paracetamol (acetaminophen). Most people have...
Barbiturate overdose is poisoning due to excessive doses of barbiturates. Symptoms typically include difficulty thinking, poor coordination, decreased...
chlorine gas poisoning and monitor patients for supportive care include pulse oximetry, testing serum electrolyte, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine...
contraindicated in corrosive acid poisoning like sulfuric acid poisoning. Bicarbonate is also contraindicated as it liberates carbon dioxide which can cause gastric...
Cyanide poisoning is poisoning that results from exposure to any of a number of forms of cyanide. Early symptoms include headache, dizziness, fast heart...
acute poisons to target organisms, although acute or less observable chronic poisoning can also occur in non-target organisms (secondary poisoning), including...
paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), scombrotoxin fish poisoning, and pufferfish poisoning should be excluded. The...
ergotoxicosis, ergot poisoning, and Saint Anthony's fire. Ergotism is the effect of long-term[citation needed] ergot poisoning. The symptoms can be roughly...
Ethylene glycol poisoning is poisoning caused by drinking ethylene glycol. Early symptoms include intoxication, vomiting and abdominal pain. Later symptoms...
asphyxiant gases are methane, nitrogen, argon, helium, butane and propane. Along with trace gases such as carbon dioxide and ozone, these compose 79% of...
Arsenic poisoning (or arsenicosis) is a medical condition that occurs due to elevated levels of arsenic in the body. If arsenic poisoning occurs over...
The following is a list of types of poison by intended use: Biocide – a chemical substance capable of killing living organisms, usually in a selective...
toxic. Cobalt poisoning Copper poisoning Iron poisoning Manganese poisoning was first identified in 1837 by James Couper. Selenium poisoning has been observed...
Tin poisoning refers to the toxic effects of tin and its compounds. Cases of poisoning from tin metal, its oxides, and its salts are "almost unknown";...
Global Information