Neurofeedback is a form of biofeedback that uses electrical potentials in the brain to reinforce desired brain states through operant conditioning. This process is non-invasive and typically collects brain activity data using electroencephalography (EEG). Several neurofeedback protocols exist, with potential additional benefit from use of quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to localize and personalize treatment.[1][2] Related technologies include functional near-infrared spectroscopy-mediated (fNIRS) neurofeedback, hemoencephalography biofeedback (HEG), and fMRI biofeedback.
Placebo-controlled trials have often found the control group to show the same level of improvement as the group receiving actual neurofeedback treatment, which suggests these improvements may be caused by secondary effects instead.[3][4][5] Neurofeedback has been shown to trigger positive behavioral outcomes, such as relieving symptoms related to psychiatric disorders or improving specific cognitive functions in healthy participants. These positive behavioral outcomes rely on brain plasticity mechanisms and the ability of subjects to learn throughout life.[6]
^Mehler DM, Sokunbi MO, Habes I, Barawi K, Subramanian L, Range M, et al. (December 2018). "Targeting the affective brain-a randomized controlled trial of real-time fMRI neurofeedback in patients with depression". Neuropsychopharmacology. 43 (13): 2578–2585. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0126-5. PMC 6186421. PMID 29967368.
^Arns M, Drinkenburg W, Leon Kenemans J (September 2012). "The effects of QEEG-informed neurofeedback in ADHD: an open-label pilot study". Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 37 (3): 171–80. doi:10.1007/s10484-012-9191-4. PMC 3419351. PMID 22446998.
^Lansbergen MM, van Dongen-Boomsma M, Buitelaar JK, Slaats-Willemse D (February 2011). "ADHD and EEG-neurofeedback: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study". Journal of Neural Transmission. 118 (2): 275–284. doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0524-2. PMC 3051071. PMID 21165661.
^Arnold LE, Arns M, Barterian J, Bergman R, Black S, Conners CK, et al. (July 2021). "Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial of Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With 13-Month Follow-up". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 60 (7): 841–855. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.906. PMC 7904968. PMID 32853703.
^Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Loriette C (2021). "Neurofeedback for cognitive enhancement and intervention and brain plasticity". Revue Neurologique. 177 (9): 1133–1144. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2021.08.004. PMID 34674879.
Neurofeedback is a form of biofeedback that uses electrical potentials in the brain to reinforce desired brain states through operant conditioning. This...
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neurofeedback. The International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR) is a non-profit scientific and professional society for neurofeedback....
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individuals who meet education and training standards in biofeedback and neurofeedback and progressively recertifies those who satisfy continuing education...
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Certification Institution of America (BCIA), and the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR) approved the following definition of biofeedback...
intervention, organization training, and parent management training. Neurofeedback has greater treatment effects than non-active controls for up to 6 months...
electroencephalography (qEEG or QEEG) brain mapping with additional therapies such as neurofeedback, vibroacoustic therapy, pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMFT...
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needed] No serious adverse side effects from neurofeedback have been reported. Research into neurofeedback has been mostly limited and of low quality....
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S2CID 6931394. Dehghani-Arani F, Rostami R, Nadali H (June 2013). "Neurofeedback training for opiate addiction: improvement of mental health and craving"...
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(1921–1999), American researcher and popularizer of biofeedback and neurofeedback Barbara Brown (figure skater) (born 1953), American figure skater Barbara...
removal, determining the function of various parts of the brain, and neurofeedback. This can be applied in a clinical setting to find locations of abnormalities...
Walker and Lawson conducted neurofeedback research with 183 subjects experiencing drug resistant depression. The neurofeedback specifically targeted Brodmann...
NFB may refer to: NF-κB, in molecular biology, often written as NF-B Neurofeedback, therapy technique that presents the user with realtime feedback on...
recordings in epilepsy patients are still used today for seizure prediction. Neurofeedback remains an important extension, and in its most advanced form is also...
Electroencephalograph, and Normative Databases". Getting Started with Neurofeedback. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-393-07553-3. Chancellor,...
magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and neurofeedback. Ginkgo biloba does not appear to be effective. The American Academy...
Related Fields. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004. "Capital District Neurofeedback". Saturday, 30 July 2022 da Silva FL (1991). "Neural mechanisms underlying...
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