iatrogenic disease caused by exposure to gadolinium-based contrast agents
Risk factors
impaired kidney function is the major risk factor
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a rare syndrome that involves fibrosis of the skin, joints, eyes, and internal organs. NSF is caused by exposure to gadolinium in gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents (GBCAs) in patients with impaired kidney function.[1][2] Epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence of NSF is unrelated to gender or ethnicity and it is not thought to have a genetic basis.[2][3] After GBCAs were identified as a cause of the disorder in 2006,[4] and screening and prevention measures put in place, it is now considered rare.[5]hsdsdGsts
^Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Almén T, Bellin MF, Bertolotto M, Bongartz G, Clement O, Leander P, Heinz-Peer G, Reimer P, Stacul F, van der Molen A, Webb JA (February 2013). "Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium-based contrast media: updated ESUR Contrast Medium Safety Committee guidelines". European Radiology. 23 (2): 307–18. doi:10.1007/s00330-012-2597-9. PMID 22865271. S2CID 10493284.
^ abThomsen HS (September 2009). "Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: history and epidemiology". Radiologic Clinics of North America. 47 (5): 827–31, vi. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2009.05.003. PMID 19744597.
^Mayr M, Burkhalter F, Bongartz G (December 2009). "Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: clinical spectrum of disease". Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 30 (6): 1289–97. doi:10.1002/jmri.21975. PMID 19937929.
^Grobner T (April 2006). "Gadolinium--a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis?". Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 21 (4): 1104–8. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfk062. PMID 16431890.
^Schieda N, Blaichman JI, Costa AF, Glikstein R, Hurrell C, James M, Jabehdar Maralani P, Shabana W, Tang A, Tsampalieros A, van der Pol CB, Hiremath S (2018). "Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Review and Clinical Practice Guideline Issued by the Canadian Association of Radiologists". Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease. 5: 2054358118778573. doi:10.1177/2054358118778573. PMC 6024496. PMID 29977584.
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