Neoliberalism in the Middle East and North Africa information
During the post-war period, many leaders of the MENA region enacted an economic growth model based on import substitution industrialization, in which the state intervened heavily in the public and private sectors to enhance economic growth.[1] The quality of the reforms was largely dependent on the quality of the political regimes in place. By the 1970s, corruption and rigidities in the public sector, as well as global economic developments, had halted economic growth.[2] In the 1980s, MENA countries began to adopt neoliberal Structural Adjustment Packages (SAP), which advocated for open markets and the removal of trade barriers.[3] Market deregulations, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), and opening the region up to the world market facilitated enormous economic and social transformations that defined MENA’s last four decades.[4] While neoliberalist policies succeeded in generating significant economic growth, they left much of MENA’s population unemployed.[3] This sparked repeated social unrest, which, in turn, was counteracted by the rise of authoritarian dictators that were supported by the IMF and World Bank.[5][6] As such, neoliberalism’s effects on MENA continue to be a widely disputed and controversial subject that has undoubtedly left a large mark on the region.
Beginning in the late 1960s, several neoliberal reforms were implemented in the Middle East.[7][8] For instance, Egypt is frequently linked to the implementation of neoliberal policies, particularly the 'open-door' policies of President Anwar Sadat throughout the 1970s[9] and Hosni Mubarak's successive economic reforms between 1981 and 2011.[10] These measures, known as al-Infitah, were later diffused across the region. In Tunisia, neoliberal economic policies are associated with the former president and de facto dictator[11] Zine El Abidine Ben Ali;[12] his reign made it clear that economic neoliberalism can coexist and even be encouraged by authoritarian states.[5] Responses to globalization and economic reforms in the Gulf have also been approached via a neoliberal analytical framework.[13]
^Saleh, Deena (2022). "Political Economy of Import Substitution Industrialization in Egypt (1950-1970)". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4305185. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 228680331.
^Gillespie, K.; Okruhlik, G. (1988). "Cleaning up corruption in the Middle East" (PDF). Middle East Journal. 42 (1): 59–82. JSTOR 4327686 – via JSTOR.
^ abAllinson, Jaime (5 September 2014). "Hanieh, Adam. Lineages of Revolt: Issues of Contemporary Capitalism in the Middle East". WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society (Book review). 17 (3). Wiley: 432–433. doi:10.1111/wusa.12124. ISSN 1089-7011. Republished by Brill as doi:10.1163/17434580-01703009[verification needed]
^Arezki, Rabah; Belhaj, Ferid (May 2019). Developing Public-Private Partnership Initiatives in the Middle East and North Africa: From Public Debt to Maximizing Finance for Development (Report). Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/1813-9450-8863. hdl:10986/31745. Policy Research Working Paper 8863. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
^ abTsourapas, Gerasimos (2013). "The Other Side of a Neoliberal Miracle: Economic Reform and Political De-Liberalization in Ben Ali's Tunisia". Mediterranean Politics. 18 (1): 23–41. doi:10.1080/13629395.2012.761475. S2CID 154822868.
^"Neoliberal Authoritarianism in Contemporary Egypt", The Roots of Revolt, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–36, 2020-03-31, doi:10.1017/9781108777537.001, ISBN 978-1-108-77753-7, S2CID 241711177, retrieved 2023-05-11
^Ayubi, Nazih N. (1995). Over-stating the Arab state : politics and society in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 329–395. ISBN 9781441681966. OCLC 703424952.
^Laura, Guazzone (2009). The Arab State and Neo-liberal Globalization: the Restructuring of State Power in the Middle East. New York: Garnet Publishing (UK) Ltd. ISBN 9780863725104. OCLC 887506789.
^Waterbury, John (1983). The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: the political economy of two regimes. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400857357. OCLC 889252154.
^Sulaymān, Samīr; Daniel, Peter (2011). The autumn of dictatorship: fiscal crisis and political change in Egypt under Mubarak. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804777735. OCLC 891400543.
^"Tunisia's Ben Ali: Soldier who turned into dictator". The Daily Telegraph. June 20, 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
^Murphy, Emma (1999). Economic and political change in Tunisia: from Bourguiba to Ben Ali. New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press in association with University of Durham. ISBN 978-0312221423. OCLC 40125756.
^Hanieh, Adam (2011). Capitalism and class in the Gulf Arab states (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230119604. OCLC 743800844.
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