Species indigenous to a given area in geologic time
Large-leaved lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus): native to western North America but introduced and invasive in several areas worldwide
In biogeography, a native species is indigenous to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only local natural evolution (though often popularised as "with no human intervention") during history.[1] The term is equivalent to the concept of indigenous or autochthonous species.[2][3] A wild organism (as opposed to a domesticated organism) is known as an introduced species within the regions where it was anthropogenically introduced.[4] If an introduced species causes substantial ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage, it may be regarded more specifically as an invasive species.
The notion of nativity is often a blurred concept, as it is a function of both time and political boundaries.[5][6] Over long periods of time, local conditions and migratory patterns are constantly changing as tectonic plates move, join, and split. Natural climate change (which is much slower than human-caused climate change) changes sea level, ice cover, temperature, and rainfall, driving direct changes in habitability and indirect changes through the presence of predators, competitors, food sources, and even oxygen levels. Species do naturally appear, reproduce, and endure, or become extinct, and their distribution is rarely static or confined to a particular geographic location. Moreover, the distinction between native and non-native as being tied to a local occurrence during historical times has been criticised as lacking perspective, and a case was made for more graded categorisations such as that of prehistoric natives, which occurred in a region during prehistory but have since suffered local extinction there due to human involvement.[7]
A native species in a location is not necessarily also endemic to that location. Endemic species are exclusively found in a particular place.[8] A native species may occur in areas other than the one under consideration. The terms endemic and native also do not imply that an organism necessarily first originated or evolved where it is currently found.[9]
^"Executive Order 13112". 2008-05-15. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
^Cite error: The named reference rhode was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference mwautochth was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Introduced species". Science Daily. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^Cite error: The named reference levin2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference aitken2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Lemoine, Rhys T.; Svenning, Jens‐Christian (2022-03-03). "Nativeness is not binary—a graduated terminology for native and non‐native species in the Anthropocene". Restoration Ecology. 30 (8). doi:10.1111/rec.13636. ISSN 1061-2971. S2CID 246251260.
^Cite error: The named reference oedendemic was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference envirofacts was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
In biogeography, a nativespecies is indigenous to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only local natural evolution...
for nativespecies that become harmful to their native environment after human alterations to its food web. Since the 20th century, invasive species have...
termed alien or invasive species. In some cases, the invasive species compete with the nativespecies for food or prey on the natives. In other cases, a stable...
their natural habitats. There are 264 mammal species in Thailand on the IUCN Red List. Of these species, three are critically endangered, 24 are vulnerable...
to spread amongst the nativespecies. Due to their lack of familiarity with the disease or little resistance, the nativespecies can die off. "IUCN RED...
Hawaiian hibiscus are seven species of hibiscus native to Hawaii. The yellow hibiscus is Hawaii's state flower. Most commonly grown as ornamental plants...
A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance, a concept introduced in...
known species (and one extinct species) are or were native to the island; this list is divided into nativespecies and species introduced to the island since...
invasive alien species does become established, the consequences can be catastrophic. Invasive alien species can affect nativespecies directly by eating...
across the world. The extreme opposite of a cosmopolitan species is an endemic (native) species, or one that is found only in a single geographical location...
significantly affected the fauna. Hunting, the introduction of non-nativespecies, and land-management practices involving the modification or destruction...
"rubble". Ruderal species typically dominate the disturbed area for a few years, gradually losing the competition to other nativespecies. However, in extreme...
rhodesiensis, a brown-colored relative of L. geometricus which is native to Zimbabwe. Both species are collectively known as brown button spiders throughout southern...
between a species' natural, endemic, indigenous, or native range, where it has historically originated and lived, and the range where a species has more...
region where it did not previously occur naturally (i.e., is not a nativespecies), becomes capable of establishing a breeding population in the new location...
introduce weeds outside their native range, and that an introduced species may be considered a weed. Many weed species have moved out of their natural...
soil (4.5–6.0 pH). Fertilizer needs are low. Some species need regular pruning. Azaleas are native to several continents including Asia, Europe and North...
males turn into females (making them sequential hermaphrodites). The species is native to the western Atlantic Ocean, specifically the Eastern coast of North...
returning nativespecies to localities where they had been extirpated, some prefer the term "reestablishment". Humans have been reintroducing species for food...
Invasive species in Australia are a serious threat to the native biodiversity, and an ongoing cost to Australian agriculture. Numerous species arrived...
Species diversity is the number of different species that are represented in a given community (a dataset). The effective number of species refers to...
There are seven amphibian speciesnative to Great Britain, in addition, there are a number of naturalized species. The natives comprise three newts, two...
Invasive species are a crucial threat to many native habitats and species of the United States and a significant cost to agriculture, forestry, and recreation...
Ulmus (elms) and Salix (willows) are open to debate. Nativespecies are considered to be species which are today present in the region in question, and...
include: nativespecies naturally occurring in the area (see flora) exotic or introduced species not native to the area, including invasive species that out-compete...
Species richness is the number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape or region. Species richness is simply a count of...
displacing native salmonids upon their arrival. Non-native, invasive species are quick to adapt to their new environment and learn to outcompete any native species...
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