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Native American disease and epidemics information


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Native Americans in the United States
Native America
History
  • Paleo-Indians
  • Lithic stage
  • Archaic period in the Americas
  • Formative stage
  • Classic stage
  • Post-Classic stage
  • Woodland period
  • Age of Discovery
  • European colonization of the Americas
  • Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
  • Genocide
  • Slavery
  • Slavery in the United States
  • Partus sequitur ventrem
  • Indian Removal Act
  • Trail of Tears
  • Native American slave ownership
  • Indian Territory
  • American Civil War
  • Dawes Rolls
  • Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
  • Racism against Native Americans
  • Indian Appropriations Act
  • Racial Integrity Act
  • Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
  • Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
  • Jim Crow laws
  • Blood quantum laws
  • Native Americans and World War II
  • American Indian boarding schools
  • Civil rights movement
  • Red Power movement
  • Native American rights
  • Alcohol and Native Americans
  • Native American temperance activists
Culture
  • Mississippian culture
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  • Art
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  • Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
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Wars
  • Beaver Wars
  • Anglo-Powhatan Wars
  • Pequot War
  • Kieft's War
  • Peach Tree War
  • Esopus Wars
  • King Philip's War
  • Tuscarora War
  • Yamasee War
  • Dummer's War
  • Pontiac's War
  • Lord Dunmore's War
  • American Revolutionary War
  • Cherokee–American wars
  • Northwest Indian War
  • War of 1812
  • Creek War
  • Arikara War
  • Seminole Wars / Second Seminole War
  • Osage Indian War
  • American Civil War
  • Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) / Comanche Wars (1836–1877) / (1858)|Antelope Hills expedition / Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) / Red River War (1874–1875) / Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
  • Cayuse War
  • Apache Wars (1849–1924) / Jicarilla War (1849–1855) / Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) / Tonto War (1871–1875) / Victorio's War (1879–1880) / Geronimo's War (1881–1886) / Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
  • Yuma War
  • Ute Wars(1850–1923) / Battle at Fort Utah (1850) / Walker War (1853–1854) / Tintic War (1856) / Black Hawk War (1865–1872) / White River War (1879) / Ute War (1887) / Bluff War (1914–1915) / Bluff Skirmish (1921)
  • Posey War (1923)
  • Sioux Wars (1854–1891) / First Sioux War (1854-1856) / Dakota War (1862) / Colorado War (1863–1865) / Powder River War (1865) / Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) / Great Sioux War (1876–1877) / Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) / Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
  • Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
  • Yakima War (1855–1858) / Puget Sound War (1855–1856) / Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
  • Mohave War(1858–1859)
  • Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
  • Paiute War(1860)
  • Yavapai Wars(1861–1875)
  • Snake War (1864–1869)
  • Hualapai War (1865–1870)
  • Modoc War (1872–1873)
  • Nez Perce War (1877)
  • Bannock War (1878)
  • Crow War (1887)
  • Bannock Uprising (1895)
  • Yaqui Uprising (1896)
  • Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
  • Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
  • Last Massacre (1911)
  • Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
  • Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
Political movements
  • Civil rights movement
  • Self-determination
    • Nationalism
  • American Indian Movement (AIM)
  • Red Power Movement
  • Occupation of Alcatraz
  • Trail of Broken Treaties
  • Occupation of Wounded Knee
  • MMIW (Red handprint)
Religion
  • American Indian Religious Freedom Act
  • Christianity
  • Eagle Feather law
  • Mormonism
  • Traditional religions
  • Native American church
  • Sun Dance
  • Longhouse Religion
Groups
  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
  • Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
  • National Congress of American Indians
  • National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
  • Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
  • The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
Ethnic subdivisions
  • Black Indians
  • Indigenous peoples of the Americas
  • Louisiana Creole
Languages
  • English
    • American English
  • Native American languages
Demographics
  • Neighborhoods
    • Societal statistics
    • Reservations
  • Tribal disenrollment
  • Reservation poverty
Geography
by region
  • Great Basin
  • Northeastern Woodlands
  • Northwest Plateau
  • Pacific Northwest
  • The Great Plains
  • Southeastern Woodlands
  • Southwest
by state
  • Alaska
  • Arizona
  • California
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Lists
  • Native Americans
    • artists
    • actors
    • war leaders
    • musicians
    • congressional politicians
  • Native American Medal of Honor recipients
  • List of federally recognized tribes
  • List of federally recognized tribes by state
  • List of Indian reservations in the United States
  • v
  • t
  • e

Although a variety of infectious diseases existed in the Americas in pre-Columbian times,[1] the limited size of the populations, smaller number of domesticated animals with zoonotic diseases, and limited interactions between those populations (as compared to areas of Eurasia and Africa) hampered the transmission of communicable diseases. One notable infectious disease that may be of American origin is syphilis.[1] Aside from that, most of the major infectious diseases known today originated in the Old World (Africa and Eurasia). The American era of limited infectious disease ended with the arrival of Europeans in the Americas and the Columbian exchange of microorganisms, including those that cause human diseases. Eurasian infections and epidemics had major effects on Native American life in the colonial period and nineteenth century, especially.

Eurasia was a crossroads among many distant, different peoples separated by hundreds, if not thousands, of miles. But repeated warfare by invading populations spread infectious disease throughout the continent, as did trade, including the Silk Road. For more than 1,000 years travelers brought goods and infectious diseases from the East, where some of the latter had jumped from animals to humans. As a result of chronic exposure, many infections became endemic within their societies over time, so that surviving Europeans gradually developed some acquired immunity, although they were still vulnerable to pandemics and epidemics. Europeans carried such endemic diseases when they migrated and explored the New World.

Native Americans often contracted infectious disease through trading and exploration contacts with Europeans, and these were transmitted far from the sources and colonial settlements, through exclusively Native American trading transactions. Warfare and enslavement also contributed to disease transmission. Because their populations had not been previously exposed to most of these infectious diseases, the indigenous people rarely had individual or population acquired immunity and consequently suffered very high mortality. The numerous deaths disrupted Native American societies. This phenomenon is known as the virgin soil effect.[2]

  1. ^ a b Martin, Debra L; Goodman, Alan H (January 2002). "Health conditions before Columbus: paleopathology of native North Americans". Western Journal of Medicine. 176 (1): 65–68. doi:10.1136/ewjm.176.1.65. ISSN 0093-0415. PMC 1071659. PMID 11788545.
  2. ^ Crosby, Alfred W. (1976), "Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America", The William and Mary Quarterly, 33 (2), Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 289–299, doi:10.2307/1922166, JSTOR 1922166, PMID 11633588

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