Transfer of privately-owned assets to the national government
See also: List of nationalizations by country
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Nationalization (nationalisation in English)
is the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.[1] Nationalization contrasts with privatization and with demutualization. When previously nationalized assets are privatized and subsequently returned to public ownership at a later stage, they are said to have undergone renationalization. Industries often subject to nationalization include telecommunications, electric power, fossil fuels, railways, airlines, iron ore, media, postal services, banks, and water (sometimes called the commanding heights of the economy), and in many jurisdictions such entities have no history of private ownership.
Nationalization may occur with or without financial compensation to the former owners. Nationalization is distinguished from property redistribution in that the government retains control of nationalized property. Some nationalizations take place when a government seizes property acquired illegally. For example, in 1945 the French government seized the car-maker Renault because its owners had collaborated with the 1940–1944 Nazi occupiers of France.[2] In September 2021, Berliners voted to expropriate over 240,000 housing units, many of which were being held unoccupied as investment property.[3][4]
Economists distinguish between nationalization and socialization, which refers to the process of restructuring the economic framework, organizational structure, and institutions of an economy on a socialist basis. By contrast, nationalization does not necessarily imply social ownership and the restructuring of the economic system. Historically, states have carried out nationalizations for various different purposes under a wide variety of different political systems and economic systems.[5]
^"Definition of NATIONALIZATION". Merriam-Webster. nationalize [...] 2 : to invest control or ownership of in the national government[.]
^Chrisafis, Angelique (December 14, 2011). "Renault descendants demand payout for state confiscation". The Guardian. London.
^Winck, Ben (27 September 2021). "A majority in Berlin's election just voted to strip 240,000 rentals from major landlords and fight the city's housing crisis". Business Insider.
^Berry, Alex (26 September 2021). "Germany: Berlin locals vote to expropriate real estate giants". Deutsche Welle.
^
Alistair, Mason; Pyper, Hugh (21 December 2000). Hastings, Adrian (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford University Press. p. 677. ISBN 978-0198600244. Retrieved 8 December 2019. At the heart of its vision has been social or common ownership of the means of production. Common ownership and democratic control of these was far more central to the thought of the early socialists than state control or nationalization, which developed later. [...] Nationalization in itself has nothing particularly to do with socialism and has existed under non-socialist and anti-socialist regimes. Kautsky in 1891 pointed out that a 'co-operative commonwealth' could not be the result of the 'general nationalization of all industries' unless there was a change in 'the character of the state'[.]
history of private ownership. Nationalization may occur with or without financial compensation to the former owners. Nationalization is distinguished from property...
The nationalization of oil supplies refers to the process of confiscation of oil production operations and their property, generally for the purpose of...
closely connected with the process of history's increasing nationalization. Nationalization of history was additionally entrenched by the development of...
Railway nationalization is the act of taking rail transport assets into public ownership. Several countries have at different times nationalized part or...
component in President Hugo Chávez's nationalization drive. 2008 On April 3, 2008, Chávez ordered the nationalization of the cement industry. 2008 On April...
unfit URL (link) Release. "Impact of Nationalization on Pakistan's Economic development". Impact of Nationalization on Pakistan's Economic development....
The nationalization of the Iranian oil industry (Persian: نهضت ملی شدن صنعت نفت ایران) resulted from a movement in the Iranian parliament (Majlis) to...
The nationalization of the Chilean copper industry, commonly described as the Chileanization of copper (Spanish: Chilenización del cobre) was the process...
different criteria than enterprises in market and mixed economies. Nationalization is a process of transferring private or municipal assets to a central...
Nationalization of electricity in Quebec includes two series of events that led to the creation of Hydro-Québec in 1944 and the nationalization of private...
This article covers the history of the nationalization of oil in Algeria. After Algeria claimed independence from France in July 1962, the economy of...
The Bank of England Act 1946 (9 & 10 Geo. 6. c. 27) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which came into force on 14 February 1946. The Act brought...
Ignacy Daszyński) issued promises of nationalization. As the politics and government of Poland stabilized, nationalization policy lost its support, and the...
The so-called nationalization campaign (Portuguese: Campanha de nacionalização), was the set of measures taken by the Brazilian government during the...
the canal and implement its nationalisation. He announced that the Nationalization Law had been published, that all assets of the Suez Canal Company had...
Socialized medicine is a term used in the United States to describe and discuss systems of universal health care—medical and hospital care for all by means...
anniversary of the Iranian Revolution (Bahman 22; 10 February), and Oil Nationalization Day (Esfand 29; 19 March). Lunar Islamic public holidays include Tasua...
hdl:10419/139470. S2CID 54703725 – via Econstore. Schmitthoff, Clive M. "The Nationalization of Basic Industries in Great Britain". duke.edu. Retrieved 19 August...
Stalin's puppet. On 26 July 1946 the Austrian Parliament passed its first nationalization law and approximately 70 mining and manufacturing companies were seized...
The Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946 (9 & 10 Geo. 6. c. 59) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which nationalised, or brought into...
command economy was the policy of war communism, which involved the nationalization of industry, centralized distribution of output, coercive or forced...
in Marxism is socialization, i.e. social ownership, versus nationalization. Nationalization is state ownership of property whereas socialization is control...
saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would...
moment that a wide reformation of American nationalism began. This nationalization of the spaces of nature accelerated with the 1906 National Monuments...
land reform, based on Confucian ideas and philosophies from China. It nationalized all land in Japan, to be distributed equally among cultivators, and ordered...
reforms. This included the Mexican oil expropriation in March 1938, which nationalized the U.S. and Anglo-Dutch oil company known as the Mexican Eagle Petroleum...
early 2009, compensation of US$1.65 billion was agreed on for the nationalization of Ternium's 59.7% stake, with Ternium keeping a 10% stake in the company...
government, as well as all import-export firms. Nasser announced the nationalization of banks, insurance companies, and all heavy industry, July 23, 1961...
its own nationalization quota focusing predominantly on banks, insurance firms, and commercial companies. Enforcing workforce nationalization in the GCC...