The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) was developed in 1979 by Raskin and Hall, and since then, has become one of the most widely utilized personality measures for non-clinical levels of the trait narcissism.[1] Since its initial development, the NPI has evolved from 220 items to the more commonly employed NPI-40 (1984) and NPI-16 (2006), as well as the novel NPI-1 inventory (2014).[2] Derived from the DSM-III criteria for Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), the NPI has been employed heavily by personality and social psychology researchers.[1]
The NPI is not intended for use in diagnosing Narcissistic personality disorder.[3] Rather, it is often said to measure "normal" or "subclinical" (borderline) narcissism (i.e., in people who score very high on the NPI do not necessarily meet all criteria for diagnosis with NPD).[1]
^ abcThe handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder : theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments. Campbell, W. Keith., Miller, Joshua D. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. 2011. ISBN 9781118093108. OCLC 784135838.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^van der Linden, S.; Rosenthal, S.A. (2015). "Measuring Narcissism with a Single Question? An Extension and Replication of the Single-Item Narcissism Scale". Personality and Individual Differences. 90: 238–241. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.050.
^Vater, Aline (May 2013). "The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A Useful Tool for Assessing Pathological Narcissism? Evidence From Patients With Narcissistic Personality Disorder". Journal of Personality Assessment. 95 (3): 301–308. doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.732636. PMID 23101721. S2CID 1920754.
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