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China
"China" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) character forms
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
中國
Simplified Chinese
中国
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōngguó
Literal meaning
Middle or Central State[1]
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōngguó
Bopomofo
ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Jonggwo
Wade–Giles
Chung¹-kuo²
Tongyong Pinyin
Jhongguó
Yale Romanization
Jūnggwó
MPS2
Jūngguó
IPA
[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.kwǒ]
other Mandarin
Xiao'erjing
ﺟْﻮﻗُﻮَع
Dungan
Җунгуй
Sichuanese Pinyin
Zong1 gwe2
Wu
Romanization
Tson平-koh入
Gan
Romanization
Tung-koe̍t Chungkoet
Xiang
IPA
Tan33-kwɛ24/
Hakka
Romanization
Dung24-gued2
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
Chûng-koet
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Jùnggwok or Jūnggwok
Jyutping
Zung1gwok3
IPA
[tsoŋ˥˧.kʷɔːk̚˧]or[tsoŋ˥.kʷɔːk̚˧]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
Tiong-kok
Tâi-lô
Tiong-kok
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC
Dṳ̆ng-guók
Pu-Xian Min
Hinghwa BUC
De̤ng-go̤h
Northern Min
Jian'ou Romanized
Dô̤ng-gŏ
Common name
Traditional Chinese
中華
Simplified Chinese
中华
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōnghuá
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōnghuá
Bopomofo
ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Jonghwa
Wade–Giles
Chung¹-hua²
Tongyong Pinyin
Jhonghuá
Yale Romanization
Jūnghwá
MPS2
Jūnghuá
IPA
[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.xwǎ]
other Mandarin
Xiao'erjing
ﺟْﻮ ﺧُﻮَ
Wu
Romanization
tson平 gho平
Gan
Romanization
tung1 fa4or Chungfa
Hakka
Romanization
dung24 fa11
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
Chûng-fà
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Jùng'wàh or Jūng'wàh
Jyutping
Zung1waa4
IPA
[tsoŋ˥˧.waː˩]or[tsoŋ˥.waː˩]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
Tiong-hôa
Tâi-lô
Tiong-huâ
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC
Dṳ̆ng-huà
Tibetan name
Tibetan
ཀྲུང་གོ་
Transcriptions
Tibetan Pinyin
Krung-go
Zhuang name
Zhuang
Cungguek
Mongolian name
Mongolian script
ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
Transcriptions
SASM/GNC
Dumdadu ulus
Uyghur name
Uyghur
جۇڭگو
Transcriptions
Latin Yëziqi
Junggo
Manchu name
Manchu script
ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
Romanization
Dulimbai gurun
Part of a series on
Names of China
خىتاي
Cathay
天朝
Celestial Empire
四海
Four Seas
中国; 中國
Zhongguo
中华; 中華
Zhonghua
华夏; 華夏
Huaxia
九州
Nine Provinces
Σηρικά
Serica
支那
Shina
天下
Tianxia
v
t
e
The names of China include the many contemporary and historical designations given in various languages for the East Asian country known as 中国; 中國; Zhōngguó; 'Central state', 'Middle kingdom' in Standard Chinese, a form based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin.
The English name "China" was borrowed from Portuguese during the 16th century, and its direct cognates became common in the subsequent centuries in the West.[2] It is believed to be a borrowing from Middle Persian, and some have traced it further back to the Sanskrit word चीन (cīna) for the nation. It is also thought that the ultimate source of the name China is the Chinese word 秦; Qín, the name of the Qin dynasty that ultimately unified China after existing as a state within the Zhou dynasty for many centuries prior. However, there are alternative suggestions for the etymology of this word.
Chinese names for China, aside from Zhongguo, include 中华; 中華; Zhōnghuá; 'central beauty', 华夏; 華夏; Huáxià; 'beautiful grandness', 神州; Shénzhōu; 'divine state' and 九州; Jiǔzhōu; 'nine states'. While official notions of Chinese nationality do not make any particular reference to ethnicity, common names for the largest ethnic group in China are 汉; 漢; Hàn and 唐; Táng. The People's Republic of China (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó) and the Republic of China (Zhōnghuá Mínguó) are the official names of the two governments presently claiming sovereignty over "China". The term "mainland China" is used to refer to areas under the PRC's jurisdiction, either including or excluding Hong Kong and Macau.
There are also names for China used around the world that are derived from the languages of ethnic groups other than Han Chinese: examples include "Cathay" from the Khitan language, and Tabgach from Tuoba.
^Bilik, Naran (2015), "Reconstructing China beyond Homogeneity", Patriotism in East Asia, Political Theories in East Asian Context, Abingdon: Routledge, p. 105
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