Mosaic coevolution is a theory in which geographic location and community ecology shape differing coevolution between strongly interacting species in multiple populations. These populations may be separated by space and/or time. Depending on the ecological conditions, the interspecific interactions may be mutualistic or antagonistic.[1] In mutualisms, both partners benefit from the interaction, whereas one partner generally experiences decreased fitness in antagonistic interactions. Arms races consist of two species adapting ways to "one up" the other. Several factors affect these relationships, including hot spots, cold spots, and trait mixing.[2] Reciprocal selection occurs when a change in one partner puts pressure on the other partner to change in response. Hot spots are areas of strong reciprocal selection, while cold spots are areas with no reciprocal selection or where only one partner is present.[2] The three constituents of geographic structure that contribute to this particular type of coevolution are: natural selection in the form of a geographic mosaic, hot spots often surrounded by cold spots, and trait remixing by means of genetic drift and gene flow.[2] Mosaic, along with general coevolution, most commonly occurs at the population level and is driven by both the biotic and the abiotic environment. These environmental factors can constrain coevolution and affect how far it can escalate.[3]
The geographical mosaic theory was first described by Ehrlich and Raven in 1964 after studying butterflies that coevolve with plants. However, the idea of coevolution itself goes all the way back to Darwin.[3]
^Thompson, John N. (24 December 2005). "Coevolution: The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolutionary Arms Races". Current Biology. 15 (24): R992–R994. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.046. PMID 16360677. S2CID 16874487.
^ abcGomulkiewicz, Richard; Thompson, John N.; Holt, Robert D.; Nuismer, Scott L.; Hochberg, Michael E. (1 August 2000). "Hot Spots, Cold Spots, and the Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution". The American Naturalist. 156 (2): 156–174. doi:10.1086/303382. PMID 10856199. S2CID 4442185.
^ abAnderson, Bruce; Johnson, Steven D. (2008). "The Geographical Mosaic of Coevolution in a Plant–Pollinator Mutualism". Evolution. 62 (1): 220–225. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00275.x. PMID 18067570. S2CID 8643749.
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