Size of genera in the extinct bird family Confuciusornithidae, compared to a human (1.75 meter tall). A.Changchengornis. Based on the holotype.[1]B.Confuciusornis. Based on several specimens of about the same size.[2]C.Eoconfuciusornis. Based on the holotype IVPP V11977.[3][4]Measuring shell length in bog turtles.
Morphometrics (from Greek μορϕή morphe, "shape, form", and -μετρία metria, "measurement") or morphometry[5] refers to the quantitative analysis of form, a concept that encompasses size and shape. Morphometric analyses are commonly performed on organisms, and are useful in analyzing their fossil record, the impact of mutations on shape, developmental changes in form, covariances between ecological factors and shape, as well for estimating quantitative-genetic parameters of shape. Morphometrics can be used to quantify a trait of evolutionary significance, and by detecting changes in the shape, deduce something of their ontogeny, function or evolutionary relationships. A major objective of morphometrics is to statistically test hypotheses about the factors that affect shape.
"Morphometrics", in the broader sense, is also used to precisely locate certain areas of organs such as the brain,[6][7] and in describing the shapes of other things.
^Chiappe, L.M.; et al. (1999). "A new Late Mesozoic Confuciusornithid Bird from China" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (1): 1–7. Bibcode:1999JVPal..19....1Q. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011117.[permanent dead link]
^Norell, M.A.; et al. (1999). "Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the late Mesozoic of northeastern China" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 242: 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-19. Retrieved 2013-03-02.
^Benton, M.J.; et al. (2008). "A primitive confuciusornithid bird from China and its implications for early avian flight". Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. 51 (5): 625–639. Bibcode:2008ScChD..51..625Z. doi:10.1007/s11430-008-0050-3. S2CID 84157320.
^Chiappe, L.M.; et al. (2008). "Life history of a basal bird: morphometrics of the Early Cretaceous Confuciusornis". Biology Letters. 4 (6): 719–723. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0409. PMC 2614169. PMID 18832054.
^"Home : Oxford English Dictionary". oed.com. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
^González Ballester, Miguel Ángel (1999). "Morphometric Analysis of Brain Structures in MRI" (PDF). Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique.
^Chollet, Madeleine B.; Aldridge, Kristina; Pangborn, Nicole; Weinberg, Seth M.; DeLeon, Valerie B.; Baron, Jean-Claude (28 January 2014). "Landmarking the Brain for Geometric Morphometric Analysis: An Error Study". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e86005. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986005C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086005. PMC 3904856. PMID 24489689.
distinguished: traditional morphometrics, landmark-based morphometrics and outline-based morphometrics. Traditional morphometrics analyzes lengths, widths...
The study of geometric morphometrics in anthropology has made a major impact on the field of morphometrics by aiding in some of the technological and...
Bird measurement or bird biometrics are approaches to quantify the size of birds in scientific studies. The variation in dimensions and weights across...
Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2009. "Morphometric and hydrological characteristics of some important Italian lakes". Verbania...
morphological evolution in Marmota (Rodentia, Sciuridae): geometric morphometrics of the cranium in the context of marmot phylogeny, ecology, and conservation"...
parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture,...
relationships. Given that the imaging modalities commonly employed for brain morphometric investigations are essentially of a molecular or even sub-atomic nature...
Caron (2018). "Three new naraoiid species from the Burgess Shale, with a morphometric and phylogenetic reinvestigation of Naraoiidae". Palaeontology. 62 (1):...
(2020). "Combining chemical and lead isotope analyses with 3-D geometric–morphometric shape analysis: A methodological case study of socketed bronze arrowheads...
"Palaeobiology of Hyaenodon exiguus (Hyaenodonta, Mammalia) based on morphometric analysis of the bony labyrinth". Journal of Anatomy. 230 (2): 282–289...
ISBN 978-1-118-59125-3. Bruner, Emiliano (November 2004). "Geometric morphometrics and palaeoneurology: brain shape evolution in the genus Homo". Journal...
paleobiological implications for extinct taxa: an approach based on geometric morphometrics". Journal of Zoology. 277 (1): 70–80. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00511...
snakes as revealed by micro‐CT scan data and three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics "Huge, Freed Pet Pythons Invade Florida Everglades". National Geographic...
The thornback ray (Raja clavata), or thornback skate, is a species of ray fish in the family Rajidae. The Thornback ray is found in the Atlantic coastal...
gray wolves. A study of Canis morphometrics conducted in eastern North Carolina reported that red wolves are morphometrically distinct from coyotes and hybrids...
lower Genshaw formation of the Traverse Group of Michigan: A geometric morphometric approach". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 310 (3–4):...
Kontos, Despina; Megalooikonomou, Vasileios; Gee, James C. (2009). "Morphometric analysis of brain images with reduced number of statistical tests: A...
ISSN 0197-6931. Morrow, Juliet E. (3 April 2019). "On Fluted Point Morphometrics, Cladistics, and the Origins of the Clovis Culture". PaleoAmerica. 5...
measured to distinguish between taxa that had close relationships, and see morphometric changes over ages, though not for pigs or deer. For the latter two, cranial...
peopling of the Japanese archipelago: advancements in the fields of morphometrics and ancient DNA". ResearchGate. Retrieved 18 August 2019. Evans, Gavin...
Breuer, M. (2002). "A comparison of phase-related shifts in behavior and morphometrics of an albino strain, deficient in [His7]-corazonin, and a normally colored...
specimens in 1996 to resolve the dispute by conducting a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the remains of these sharks and re-examination of photographic...
January 8, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010. Smith, David K. (1998). "A morphometric analysis of Allosaurus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (1):...
AA, Noerwidi S, Octavianus Sofian H, et al. (22 June 2018). "Cranio-morphometric and aDNA corroboration of the Austronesian dispersal model in ancient...
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