Misophonia (or selective sound sensitivity syndrome, sound-rage) is a disorder of decreased tolerance to specific sounds or their associated stimuli, or cues. These cues, known as "triggers", are experienced as unpleasant or distressing and tend to evoke strong negative emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses that are not seen in most other people.[4] Misophonia and misophonic symptoms can adversely affect the ability to achieve life goals and enjoy social situations. It was first recognized in 2001,[5] though it is still not in the DSM-5 or any similar manual.[6][7][8][9][5] For this reason it has been called a "neglected disorder".[10]
Reactions to trigger sounds range from annoyance to anger, with possible activation of the fight-or-flight response. Misophonia responses do not seem to be elicited by the loudness of the sound, but rather by its specific pattern or meaning to the hearer. Triggers are commonly repetitive stimuli and are primarily, but not exclusively, related to the human body, such as chewing, eating, smacking lips, slurping, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and swallowing. Once a trigger stimulus is detected, people with misophonia may have difficulty distracting themselves from the stimulus and may experience suffering, distress, and/or impairment in social, occupational, or academic functioning. The expression of misophonia symptoms varies, as does the severity, which ranges from mild to severe. Some people with misophonia are aware that their reactions to misophonic triggers are disproportionate to the circumstances. Misophonia symptoms are typically first observed in childhood or early adolescence.[4] Studies have shown that misophonia can cause problems in school, work, social life, and family.[11]
^Sanchez TG, Silva FE (2017). "Familial misophonia or selective sound sensitivity syndrome: evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance?". Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 84 (5): 553–559. doi:10.1016/j.bjorl.2017.06.014. PMC 9452240. PMID 28823694.
^Cite error: The named reference Bruxner_2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Cavanna_2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abSwedo SE, Baguley DM, Denys D, Dixon LJ, Erfanian M, Fioretti A, et al. (2022). "Consensus Definition of Misophonia: A Delphi Study". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16: 841816. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.841816. PMC 8969743. PMID 35368272.
^ abJastreboff MM, Jastreboff PJ (2001). "Components of decreased sound tolerance: hyperacusis, misophonia, phonophobia" (PDF). ITHS News: 5–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2023.
^Brout JJ, Edelstein M, Erfanian M, Mannino M, Miller LJ, Rouw R, et al. (2018). "Investigating Misophonia: A Review of the Empirical Literature, Clinical Implications, and a Research Agenda". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12: 36. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00036. PMC 5808324. PMID 29467604.
^Taylor S (June 2017). "Misophonia: A new mental disorder?". Medical Hypotheses. 103: 109–117. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.003. PMID 28571795.
^Swedo S, Baguley DM, Denys D, Dixon LJ, Erfanian M, Fioretti A, Jastreboff PJ, Kumar S, Rosenthal MZ, Rouw R, Schiller D (2021). "A Consensus Definition of Misophonia: Using a Delphi Process to Reach Expert Agreement". medRxiv 10.1101/2021.04.05.21254951v1.
^Brout JJ, Edelstein M, Erfanian M, Mannino M, Miller LJ, Rouw R, et al. (2018). "Investigating Misophonia: A Review of the Empirical Literature, Clinical Implications, and a Research Agenda". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12: 36. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00036. PMC 5808324. PMID 29467604.
^Blegvad-Nissen C, Thomsen PH (23 November 2015). "Misofoni er overset" [Misophonia is a neglected disorder] (PDF). Ugeskrift for Laeger (in Danish). 177 (48): V04150309. PMID 26617171.
^Ferrer-Torres A, Giménez-Llort L (June 2022). "Misophonia: A Systematic Review of Current and Future Trends in This Emerging Clinical Field". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (11): 6790. doi:10.3390/ijerph19116790. PMC 9180704. PMID 35682372.
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