Recall of episodic memories becoming less accurate because of post-event information
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information.[1] The misinformation effect has been studied since the mid-1970s. Elizabeth Loftus is one of the most influential researchers in the field. One theory is that original information and the misleading information that was presented after the fact become blended together.[2] Another theory is that the misleading information overwrites the original information.[3] Scientists suggest that because the misleading information is the most recent, it is more easily retrieved.[4]
Visual display of retroactive memory interference[further explanation needed]
The misinformation effect is an example of retroactive interference which occurs when information presented later interferes with the ability to retain previously encoded information. Individuals have also been shown to be susceptible to incorporating misleading information into their memory when it is presented within a question.[5] Essentially, the new information that a person receives works backward in time to distort memory of the original event.[6] One mechanism through which the misinformation effect occurs is source misattribution, in which the false information given after the event becomes incorporated into people's memory of the actual event.[7] The misinformation effect also appears to stem from memory impairment, meaning that post-event misinformation makes it harder for people to remember the event.[7] The misinformation reflects two of the cardinal sins of memory: suggestibility, the influence of others' expectations on our memory; and misattribution, information attributed to an incorrect source.
Research on the misinformation effect has uncovered concerns about the permanence and reliability of memory.[8] Understanding the misinformation effect is also important given its implications for the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, as there are many chances for misinformation to be incorporated into witnesses' memories through conversations with other witnesses, police questioning, and court appearances.[9][7]
^Wayne Weiten (2010). Psychology: Themes and Variations: Themes and Variations. Cengage Learning. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-495-60197-5.
^Challies, Dana (2011). "Whatever Gave You That Idea? False Memories Following Equivalence Training: A Behavioral Account of the Misinformation Effect". Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 96 (3): 343–362. doi:10.1901/jeab.2011.96-343. PMC 3213001. PMID 22084495.
^Davis, Ben. "What is an example of the misinformation effect?".
^Yuhwa, Han (2017). "The Misinformation Effect and the Type of Misinformation: Objects and the Temporal Structure of an Episode". The American Journal of Psychology. 130 (4): 467–476. doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.130.4.0467. JSTOR 10.5406/amerjpsyc.130.4.0467.
^Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Robinson-Riegler, B., & Robinson-Riegler, G. (2004). Cognitive Psychology: Applying the Science of the Mind. Allyn & Bacon. p. 313.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcBelli, Robert F.; Loftus, Elizabeth F. (1996), Rubin, David C. (ed.), "The pliability of autobiographical memory: Misinformation and the false memory problem", Remembering our Past: Studies in Autobiographical Memory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 157–179, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527913.006, ISBN 978-0-521-46145-0, retrieved 2021-05-10
^Saudners, J.; MacLeod, Malcolm D. (2002). "New evidence on the suggestibility of memory: The role of retrieval-induced forgetting in misinformation effects". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 8 (2): 127–142. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.515.8790. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.8.2.127. PMID 12075691.
misinformationeffect occurs when a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information. The misinformation effect...
Loftus's meta-analysis on language manipulation studies suggested the misinformationeffect taking hold on the recall process and products of the human memory...
pp. 130–132. ISBN 978-0-262-53195-5. Cacciatore MA (April 2021). "Misinformation and public opinion of science and health: Approaches, findings, and...
detail. Thus, information processing in negative moods reduces the misinformationeffect and increases overall accuracy of details. People also exhibit less...
Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information. Misinformation can exist without specific malicious intent; disinformation is distinct in that...
to other memory distortions, such as misinformationeffect and false autobiographical memory. Misinformationeffect occurs after an event is witnessed;...
the crime occurred. This distortion is known as the post-event misinformationeffect (Loftus and Palmer, 1974). After a crime occurs and an eyewitness...
prior to the event can also influence misinformation effects. Other studies also address how the misinformationeffect seems to amplify over increasing recall...
information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the misinformationeffect. Research has revealed that asking individuals to repeatedly imagine...
discussion that debated whether the story may have originated from Russian misinformation and propaganda, Twitter blocked the story from their platform and locked...
remembered. This can result from a misinformationeffect or an imagination inflation effect. The misinformationeffect occurs when information is presented...
is an American psychologist who is best known in relation to the misinformationeffect, false memory and criticism of recovered memory therapies. Loftus's...
"forgetting curve". Ebbinghaus investigated the rate of forgetting, but not the effect of spaced repetition on the increase in retrievability of memories. Ebbinghaus's...
repeated instances of abuse. Memory conformity Memory implantation Misinformationeffect Bessel Van Der Kolk, M.D. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score. Brain...
Bizarreness effect is the tendency of bizarre material to be better remembered than common material. The scientific evidence for its existence is contested...
Carlyle Jacobsen and colleagues were the first to show the deleterious effect of prefrontal ablation on delayed response. Numerous models have been proposed...
and memory, and in certain social phenomena such as the false consensus effect. Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired...
complexity leaves individuals susceptible to phenomena such as the misinformationeffect across subsequent recollections. By employing reconstructive processes...
remembering spatial or physical information rather than more abstract forms, its effect may vary according to a subject's age and how well the subject's medial...
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